understanding mind and emotion

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1、DevelopmentalPsychologyCopyright1998bytheAmericanPsjelmlogleaIAssociation,Inc.1998,Vol.34,No.5.1026OOI2tfi49«8/S3OUnderstandingMindandEmotion:LongitudinalAssociationsWithMental-StateTalkBetween^bungFriendsClaireHughesandJudyDunnInstituteofPsychiatryDevelopmentalchangesinchildren'sunderstan

2、dingofmindandemotionandtheirmental-statetalkinconversationswithfriendswereexaminedinalongitudinalstudyof50children(Mageateachtimepoint=3years11months,4years6months,5years0months).Significantandrelatedimprovementsovertimewerefoundforboththeory-of-mindtaskperformanceandaffectiveperspec-tivet

3、aking.Associatedwiththesecognitivedevelopmentswerequantitativeandqualitativechangesinchildren'sreferencestomentalstatesintheirconversationswithfriends.Individualdifferencesintheoryofmind,emotionunderstanding,andmental-statetalkwerestrikinglystableoverthe13-monthperiod.Althoughtherewerenoge

4、nderdifferencesinchildren'staskperformances,girlsshowedmorefrequentandmoredevelopedmental-statetalklhanboys.Developmentalchangesinyoungchildren'sunderstandingofunderstandingmentalstatesisessentialforeverydaysocialrela-mentalstateshavebeenresearchedintensivelyinthepast15tions.Yetsurprisingl

5、ylittleisknownaboutthereal-lifecorre-years.Despitethenumberofstudiesinthefield,veryfewhavelatesofindividualdifferencesinchildren'sperformanceontestshadalongitudinaldevelopmentaldesign.Asaresult,littleisofmental-stateunderstanding.However,fourrecentobserva-knownaboutthestabilityofindividual

6、differencesinchildren'stionalstudieshaveshownasignificantcorrelationbetweenmentalizingskills.Longitudinalstudiesarealsoneededtoex-false-beliefperformanceandboththequality(Astington&Jen-plorerelationsbetweendevelopmentaltrajectoriesindifferentkins,1995;Taylor&Carlson,1997)andquantity(Hughes

7、&domains.Forexample,understandingbeliefandunderstandingDunn,1997;"^oungblade&Dunn,1995)ofchildren'spretendemolionarelinkedconceptuallybutmayshowcontrastingante-playwilhfriends.Otherobservationalstudieshaveshownacedentsandsequelae(J.Dunn.1995).Similarly,researc