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1、PhoneticsTheSoundsofLanguagePhoneticsArticulatoryphonetics-howspeechsoundsareproducedinthevocaltractAcousticphonetics-howthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsoundswavesgeneratedbythelarynxandvocaltractArticulatoryphoneticsPhysiologyofSpeechProductionAnoutwardflowofairfro
2、mthelungsModificationsoftheairflowatthelarynxAdditionalmodificationsoftheairflowbypositionandmovementofthetongueandotheranatomicalstructureofthevocaltractAirflowfromthelungsduringspeechTheroleofthelarynxinspeechThevocaltract1.nasalcavity2.hardpalate3.alveolarridge4.l
3、abialregion(lips)5.tongueroot6.vocalcord(glottalregion)7.trachea(tubeoflungs)8.velum(softpalate)9.tongueblade10.tonguetip(apex)11.tonguebody12.uvula13.(oral)pharynx14.epiglottis15.esophagus(tubetostomachVowel母音(聲母,韻母)母音的分類因素高低前後唇形Consonants子音(輔音,聲母)發音部位發音方式Bilabials雙
4、唇音Labiodentals唇齒音Interdental齒間音Alveolars齒槽音Palatals硬顎音Velars軟顎音Uvulars小舌音Glottal聲門音ConsonantsPlaceofarticulation發音部位Bilabials雙唇音發音時上下唇會碰在一起[p]pie,pay,[b]buy,boy,[m]man,may,Labiodentals唇齒音發音時上齒會接觸到下唇labio–唇;dental–齒[f]face,fee,[v]voice,vaseInterdental齒間音發齒間音時,必須將舌尖放在上
5、下齒之間[θ]think,with[]there,weatherAlveolars齒槽音發音時把舌頭前部抬升至齒槽脊[t]too,two,take[d]do,dog,door[n]new,net,nice[s]see,same,say[z]zoo,zoom,zone[l]lip,lab,loop[r]race,right,wrongAlveolars齒槽音發邊音-lateral將舌尖抬到齒槽脊,但舌的其他部位是下降的,讓氣流能從舌頭兩邊流出.[l]lip,lab,捲舌音-retroflex將舌尖捲至齒槽脊.[r]rude,roa
6、dBut,有些語言的retroflex是顫音trill,震動舌頭並碰觸口腔頂端.Palatals硬顎音舌頭前部抬至齒槽脊後方的硬顎又稱為齒槽硬顎音alveopalatals[∫],[š][ž],[č],[],[](seetextbookp.316)Mission,measure,church,judgeVelars軟顎音發音時舌頭後部會抬升至軟顎處[k]kick,back[g]gig,bag[ŋ]bang(seetextbookp.316)Uvulars小舌音將舌頭後部抬至小舌處[R]法語[q]阿拉伯語[G]Glottals聲門
7、音[h]氣流流出張開的聲門,舌與唇保持在準備發後續母音的發音位置;ex:house,who,hair[?](seetextbookp.316)聲門塞音glottalstop–氣流被緊閉的聲帶完全阻擋在聲門之下;ex:button,Latin發音方式當氣流由肺部流經鼻腔與口腔,氣流是否被阻擋,聲帶是否震動有聲音voiced–seep,seat,seek之[p],[t],[k].無聲音voiceless–bate,date,gate,cob,cod,cog之[b],[d],[g],[z]有聲/無聲的差異在英語中很重要rope/rob
8、e[rop]/[rob]fate/fade[fet]/[fed]rack/rage[k]/[g]fine/vine[f]/[v]seal/zeal[s]/[z]無聲音可分為:送氣音aspirated–tick,kin不送氣音unaspirated–stick,s
