轻型木结构轻木构件

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加拿大木业协会设计师培训班第一阶段–轻型木结构CanadaWoodLevel1-Wood-FrameConstruction构件设计FramingComponentsHerbertOttoB.Arch.,MRAIC 锯材SawnTimber胶合材Plywood轻型木结构房屋使用不同的木产品AVarietyofWoodProductsareUsedtoFrameaHouse 木基结构材WoodBasedBuildingMaterials规格材Dimensionedframinglumber轻型木结构使用标准的规格材（软木）Standarddimensionsoftwoodlumberusedinwood-frameconstruction名义尺寸Nominaldimensions2x2,2x3,2x4,2x6,2x8,2x10,2x12实际尺寸Actualdimensions1½”x1½”(38mmx38mm)1½”x2½”(38mmx64mm)1½”x3½”(38mmx89mm)1½”x5½”(38mmx140mm)1½”x7¼”(38mmx184mm)1½”x9¼”(38mmx235mm)1½”x11¼”(38mmx235mm)长度Lengths从2.4m到7.3m，每级增加600mmIncrementsof2feet(600mm)from8ft(2.4m)to24ft(7.3m) 木基结构材WoodBasedBuildingMaterials板材Boards标准尺寸的软木板材Standardsizesofsoftwoodlumberboards名义尺寸Nominaldimensions1x21x31x41x61x8实际尺寸Actualdimensions¾”x1½”(19mmx38mm)¾”x2½”(19mmx64mm)¾”x3½”(19mmx89mm)¾”x5½”(19mmx140mm)¾”x7¼”(19mmx184mm) 框架用木材FramingLumber用于轻型木结构的软木树种Speciesofsoftwoodlumberusedinwoodframeconstruction花旗松DouglasFir西部落叶松WesternLarch西部铁杉WesternHemlock云杉Spruce松Pine冷衫Fir材性接近的树种放在一起使用Specieswithsimilarcharacteristicsgivencommercialgroupdesignations云杉-松-冷杉Spruce–Pine–FirS-P-F花旗松-落叶松DouglasFir-LarchD.Fir-L铁杉-冷杉Hemlock-FirHem-Fir指接材FingerJointedLumber较短的材料，如38x89和38x140指接在一起形成较长的材料Shortlengthsof38x89and38x140(2x4and2x6)joinedtoformlongerpieces.用于墙骨柱Usedforstuds没有翘曲Doesnotwarp材料利用率高Efficientuseofmaterials 规格材分等GradingLumber加拿大的规格材有目测分等和机械分等(MSR)LumberinCanadavisuallygradedormachinestressrated(MSR)分等依据Selectstructural高强度Higheststrength良好的外观Bestappearance一等Number1和上述分等依据相似，但允许出现更大的结疤Similartoselectstructuralbutlargerknots二等Number2和一等的强度分等相似，但外观稍差Similarstrengthtonumber1butnotasgoodvisualappearance三等Number3大量用于施工，外观没有要求Widelyusedinconstructionwhereappearanceisnotafactor 规格材分等GradingLumber墙骨柱等级StudGrade2x4和2x6的墙骨柱用于承受竖向荷载2x4and2x6ratedforverticalloading施工级材和标准级材用于结构构件Constructiongradeandstandardgradeusedforstructuralapplications实用级和经济级材用于非结构构件Utilitygradeandeconomygradefornon-structuralapplications 分等机构GradingAgency生产厂代码Milldesignation树种SpeciesGroup含水率MoistureContent指定的等级AssignedGrade分等认证章GradingStamps规格材每600mm有一个分等认证章Gradingstampsareplacedonlumberevery600mm(2ft.)只有经认证的机构才能敲章Onlyissuedbyaccreditedassociationsoragencies 根据树种，木材被锯成标准尺寸，并按照指定的产品强度和性能进行分等Lumberissortedbyspecies,sawnintostandardsizesandisgradedwhichresultsinapredictableproductwithknownstrengthandperformancecharacteristics加拿大轻型木结构CanadianWoodFrameHousing 木基覆面板材WoodBasedSheathings在轻型木结构中广泛使用，也可以和轻型钢结构一起使用Widelyusedinwood-frameconstructionandincombinationwithsteelframing墙骨柱、搁栅和椽条之间的跨度Spansbetweenstuds,joistsandrafters可以提高墙体、楼盖和屋顶抵抗振动、静荷以及地震作用的能力Contributestoracking,loadbearingandearthquakeresistanceofwall,floorandroofassemblies 用于楼盖、墙体和屋面的胶合板PlywoodFloor,WallandRoofSheathing覆面板材料由薄木片胶合成Panelmaterialmadeofthinwoodveneers良好的双向强度和刚度，抵抗冲击破坏和受潮时的尺寸变形Excellenttwowaystrengthandstiffness,resistancetoimpactdamageanddimensionalstabilitywhenwet采用企口板以保证楼面的平整和连续性，并考虑是否需要使用填块T&Gusedtoaensurecontinuousflatfloorandeliminateneedforblocking.保证平滑的表面，可以铺地毯或者其他的地面做法Providessmoothsurfaceforcarpetingandresilientflooring.根据结构需要，为了支承陶瓦，需要增加覆面板厚度ThickerfloorsheathingforincreasedstructuralsupportrequiredforceramictileCourtesyoftheCanadianWoodCouncil 定向刨花板OrientedStrandBoard(OSB)Sheathing定向刨花板采用速生材锯末、碎屑等细料胶合而成，其速生材可以用杨树和白杨Panelmaterialmadefromadhesiveandstrands,flakesorwafersproducedfromsmalldiameterlogsoffastgrowingspeciessuchasPoplarandAspen.墙体、楼盖和屋顶也可以使用相近厚度的胶合板Wall,floorandroofsheathingwithsimilarthicknessesaplywood.可以参考结构板材协会的网站获得技术资料和正确的安装步骤RefertoStructuralBoardAssociationforwebsitefortechnicalinformationandcorrectinstallationproceduresCourtesyoftheStructuralBoardAssociation 其它覆面板产品OtherSheathingProducts沥青基防火板Asphaltimpregnatedfibreboard沥青处理过的石膏板Asphalttreatedgypsumboard(gyplap)内墙用石膏板Interiorgypsumboard刚性保温覆面板Rigidinsulationsheathings聚苯乙烯挤塑板Extrudedpolystyrene发泡聚苯乙烯板Expandedpolystyrene多异氰脲酸酯板Polyisocyanurate水泥板Cementboard 工程木产品EngineeredWoodProducts搁栅、梁和框架构件可以用规格材、木纤维或刨花合成材Joists,beamsandframingmadefromdimensionlumber,woodfibresorstrandsheldtogetherwithabinder.保护森林资源Conservesforestresources降低建筑浪费Reducesconstructionwaste实现更大的建筑净跨Allowslongerclearspans类型Types木工字型搁栅WoodIjoists平行木片胶合木Parallelstrandbeamsandposts层叠木片胶合木Laminatedveneerlumber(LVL)腹板开洞搁栅Openwebjoists 工字型搁栅WoodIjoists弦杆由规格材或层叠木片胶合木构成，腹板由定向刨花板或胶合板构成DimensionlumberorLVLcordsandOSBorplywoodweb相同跨度时，比规格材轻Lighterweightforsamespanasdimensionedlumber实现的跨度比规格材更大Capableoflongerspansthandimensionedlumber风道和电线在搁栅中穿越的空间更大Deeperjoistscanallowforductworkaswellaselectricalandplumbing当用于屋顶椽条时，可以建造较大层高的天花板Whenusedasrafterscanallowforhighlevelsofinsulationabovecathedralceilings深度可以从241mm到508mmDepthsrangefrom241mm(9-1/2")to508mm(20")长度最大可达到18.3mLengthsupto18.3m(60ft) 平行木片胶合木ParallelStrandLumber(PSL)花旗松的小木片胶合成梁，过梁和柱StripsofDouglasFirgluedtoformbeams,lintelsandposts材性稳定，不会出现收缩、翘曲、扭转、开裂和隆起Stablepredictableperformance,willnotshrink,warp,twist,splitorcrown平行木片胶合木的厚度从45mm到178mmPSLbeamsaresoldinthicknessesrangingfrom45mm(1-3/4"),to178mm(7").长度最大可以达到20mUpto20m(66feet)inlength 层叠木片胶合木LaminatedVeneerLumber(LVL)软木薄片木纹方向交错胶合而成的梁Pliesofsoftwoodveneerwiththegrainrunninginthelongdirection,gluedtogethertoformabeam.结构性能可靠Reliablestructuralcharacteristics也适用于建筑上暴露的构件Alsoavailableinarchitecturalgradeforusewhereexposed厚度从19mm到89mmThicknessesfroml9mm(3/4")to89mm(3-1/2").长度最大可以达到24.4mLengthsupto24.4m(80ft.)CourtesyoftheCanadianWoodCouncil 腹板开洞平行弦桁架OpenWebParallelCordTrusses上下弦杆采用规格材，腹板采用金属杆或规格材Dimensionedlumbertopandbottomcordwithwebmadeofmetalstrapsofdimensionedlumber跨度更大Canspanlargedistances自重轻Lightweight材料利用率高Efficientuseofmaterials管道和电线的排布穿越方便Canallowforeasyinstallationofductwork,plumbingandwiring现场不易调整长度Limitedabilitytoadjustlengthonsite 钉Nails木结构Framing大多数轻型木结构用的钉都是低碳钢制作的Mostnailsusedinwoodframeconstructionaremadefrommildsteel当用于室外或易腐蚀环境中时，要使用热浸镀锌钉，不锈钢钉或表面处理过的钉Forexterioruseandwherecorrosionisaconcerngalvanized,stainlesssteelorcoatednailsareused顶的尺寸从12mm到150mm，最常用的钉为83mmNailsizesrangeinsizeform12mm(1/2”)to150mm(6”)withthemostcommonframingnailsbeing83mm(3¼”) 钉的类型NailTypes普通钉Common带头的低碳钢钉Mildsteelnailwithhead双头钉Doubleheaded用于临时固定Usedfortemporaryfastening光圆钉Finishing用于需要隐蔽的连接Usedwherenailistobeconcealed螺纹钉Spiral可以增加握钉力Providesextraholdingpower环纹钉Ringed握钉力最大，永久性固定Highestholdingpower,permanentfastening屋面钉Roofing大而平的钉头防止撕裂Largeflatheadfortearresistance挂板钉CladdingandDecking圆头可以保证搭接时必要的间隙RoundedheadprovidesgapsbetweenlappedsidingCourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil钉Nails 金属连接件MetalFramingConnectors用于木框架的连接Allpurposeframinganchor抗拔连接件Tiedownframinganchor用于抵抗地震荷载和风的上拔力ForresistingearthquakeandwindupliftCourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil 金属连接件MetalFramingConnectors三向连接件Triplegripframinganchor直角连接件FramingangleCourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil 金属连接件MetalFramingConnectors搁栅和檩条挂钩Joistandpurlinhangers桁架齿板TrussplatesCourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil 金属连接件MetalFramingConnectors抗震锚固件Seismicanchors 轻型木结构建造方法FramingMethods规格材的建造有三种基本的方法Constructionusinglumbercanbebrokenintothreebasicmethods一体通柱建造法Balloonframeconstruction多用于过去，现在很少使用Usedmoreinthepast,limitedusetoday梁柱建造法Postandbeamconstruction利基市场建造方法Nichemarketconstructionmethod平台式建造法Platformframeconstruction加拿大最常用的建造方法ThemostcommonmethodusedinCanada 一体通柱建造法BalloonFraming一体通柱建造法Balloonframing外墙墙骨柱从基础到屋顶椽条是连续的Theexteriorwallsmadefromcontinuousstudsthatrunfromthefoundationroofrafters.楼盖搁栅支承在板条上Floorjoistsaresupportedonribbonboards较长的墙骨柱不容易施工Longstudlengthsmoredifficulttohandle收缩小于平台式建造法Lessshrinkagethanplatformframeconstruction墙体内的保温层可以从基础到屋顶连续布置Allowsfulldepthwallinsulationfromthefoundationtotheroof.墙体空腔内要设置防火挡块Fireblockingmayberequiredinwallcavity 梁柱式或重型木结构PostandBeamorHeavyTimberFraming主要的结构构件采用大尺寸的规格材做梁和柱Majorstructuralmembersarelargedimensionlumberpostsandbeams可以使用胶合木或平行木片胶合木Mayusegluelaminatedorparallelstrandcomponents通常结构在室内是暴露的Structuretypicallyexposedinside非承重墙体由墙骨柱和预制面板构成Wallinfillpanelsconsistofstudframedwallsorprefabricatedpanels 平台式建造法PlatformFraming平台式建造法Platformframing一种简便的建造方式，可以使用小断面的规格材Asimpleconstructionmethodthatallowstheuseofstandardsmalldimensionlumber每一层楼盖都能提供一个施工平台用以布置和搭建内外墙体Eachfloorprovidesaworkingplatformforthelayoutandframingoftheinteriorandexteriorwalls理论上说灵活的施工方法可以建造各种形状和风格的建筑Flexibilityallowsvirtuallyanyshapeorstyleofbuildingtobeconstructed修改方便Canbeeasilymodified. 平台式建造法PlatformFraming屋顶桁架Rooftrusses38x89or38x140mm墙骨柱38x89or38x140mm(2x4or2x6)studwalls楼盖覆面板Floorsheathing楼盖搁栅Floorjoists基础Foundation 结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents可以指定一或两个构件来解释和抵抗下述任何一种结构概念和受力Foreachofthefollowingstructuralconceptsandforces,identifyoneor2woodframebuildingcomponentsthatareusedtoresistthese受压Compression受拉Tension水平支撑Lateralbracing受剪Shear楼盖/墙体Diaphragms悬挑Cantilevers 结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents受压Compression墙骨柱Studs柱Posts地梁板Sillplates过梁Lintels梁Beams支撑Blocking搁栅Joists 结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents受拉Tension搁栅Joists梁Beams桁架Trusses木板条Straps锚固件Anchors 结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents水平支撑LateralBracing横撑Struts覆面板（胶合板、定向刨花板和石膏板）Sheetgoods(plywood,OSB,gypsumboard)金属拉条Metalstraps 结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents受剪Shear胶合板Plywood钉Nails连接板Gussetplates节点Joists梁Beams 结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents楼盖或墙体Diaphragms胶合板和定向刨花板PlywoodandOSB石膏板Gypsumboard椽条和搁栅Raftersandjoists剪刀撑Crossbracing 结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents悬挑Cantilevers搁栅Joists梁Beams椽条Rafters桁架Trusses 规格材含水率FramingLumberMoistureContent木材含水率Moisturecontentinwood湿材含水率为30%到300%Greenlumbermoisturecontent30%to300%木材干燥时收缩Aswooddriesshrinkageoccurs顺纹方向出现最大的收缩Largestshrinkageparalleltograin规格材含水率为19%或更低Framinglumberconsidereddrywhen19%orless干燥材Driedlumberis尺寸更稳定Moredimensionallystable更轻Lighter运输更经济MoreeconomicaltoshipTypically8%shrinkageTypically4%shrinkageTypically0.1%shrinkage 规格材的干燥FramingLumberDrying气干AirDrying防止雨水的侵蚀Protectedfromrain需要数月时间Processtakesmonths不需要使用能源Noenergyrequired窑干KilnDrying热量和相对湿度可以控制，空气可以循环流通Heatandrelativehumidityarecontrolled,airiscirculatedthroughlumber高温可以杀死昆虫和其它大部分有机物质，和干燥材一样Temperatureskillinsectsandmostotherorganismsaswellasdrylumber需要几天时间Processtakesdays需要使用能源，会间接影响规格材成本Energyrequiredtoheatkilnspotentiallyaffectingcostoflumber窑干的规格材需要敲章S-DRY或S-GDNKilndriedlumberstampedS-DRYorS-GDNPhoto©NickMorleyCourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil 规格材FramingLumber堆放和防潮StorageandProtectionFromMoisture当干燥到19%的含水率后必须保持干燥Oncedriedto19%mustbekeptdry需要遮盖Undercover用防水材料包裹Wrappedinwaterresistantwrapping(housewrap) 现场含水率测试FieldMoistureMeasurement测试规格材含水率Measuringmoisturecontentofframinglumber插入式含水率测量仪是最常用的PintypeDCresistancemoisturemetermostcommonlyused必须插入木材8mm才能精确测量Mustpenetratewood8mm(5/16”)foraccuratereading不同的树种需要进行调整Mustbeadjustedforeachspecies 现场含水率测试FieldMoistureMeasurement所有的木材在完工前含水率必须控制在19%或以下Allframingmust19%moisturecontentorlessbeforeclosingin检测含水率的关键Keyareastocheckformoisture外墙ExteriorWalls木材大面积集中的地方Areasoflargewoodmass门窗过梁Windowanddoorheaders组合梁Builtupbeams组合柱Builtupcolumns外墙地梁板Exteriorwallbottomplates墙骨柱底部Bottomofstuds封头搁栅Rimjoists 木结构防护WoodPreservativeTreatments铜铬砷合剂(CCA)ChromatedCopperArsenate(CCA)现在只允许用于地下室木材的防腐处理Nowonlyallowedforpreservedwoodbasements氨溶季氨铜(ACQ)用于地面以上的木材防腐处理(露台，排水格栅等）AlkalineCopperQuaternary(ACQ)usedforabovegradeapplications(decks,trellisesetc.)类型B：ACQ-BTypeB:ACQ-B用于易浸注的树种，如花旗松usedtobetterpenetratespeciessuchasDouglas-fir类型C：ACQ-CTypeC:ACQ-C更普通的配方morecommonlyfoundformulation铜唑(CA)用于地面以上的木材防腐处理CopperAzole(CA)usedforabovegradeapplications 木结构防护WoodPreservativeTreatments氨溶季氨铜和铜唑ACQandCA这两种防腐剂都有很高的含铜量，所以紧固件，金属拉条和连接件在和铜接触时不能发生腐蚀Bothusehighconcentrationsofcoppersofasteners,strapsandtiesmustnotcorrodeincontactwithcopper不锈钢或铜质紧固件Stainlesssteelorcopperfastenersor热浸镀锌钢钉，金属拉条，挂钩和锚固件应符合G185的标准要求Hotdippedgalvanizedsteelnails,straps,hangersandanchorsratedtoG185galvanizingmustbeused. CourtesyForintekCanadaCorp木结构防护WoodPreservativeTreatments硼酸盐处理的木材Boratetreatedlumber常用的透明涂料Typicallyclearfinish无毒Nontoxic水溶性，常用于木材Willleachoutiflocatedinwatersomostapplicableforframinglumber规格材可用硼酸钠处理Sodiumborateusedindimensionlumber硼酸锌可用于处理定向刨花板ZincborateusedintreatedOSB