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1、IntroductiontoQuantumInformationScienceDedicatedtoMichaelandMiaTwoRidersonTheStorm:Mayyouflywithoutwingsandconquerwithoutasword.IntroductiontoQuantumInformationScienceVlatkoVedralSchoolofPhysicsandAstronomyUniversityofLeeds13GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheU
2、niversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepub
3、licFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYorkcVlatkoVedral,2006Themoralrightsofthea
4、uthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2006Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsa
5、greedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCat
6、aloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd.,ChennaiIndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyBiddlesLtd.,www.biddles.co.ukISBN0–19–9215707978–0–19–9215706(Hbk)13579108642PrefaceThisbookisaresultofanumberofco
7、ursesIhavegivenonthetopicofquantuminfor-mation.Inchronologicalorder,theyweredeliveredinHeidelberg,Germany,Merida,MexicoandVienna,Austria.Thebookcomprisesbetween22and26lectures(de-pendingonthespeedofdelivery)andisidealf