《新编语言学教程》练习参考答案

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1、说明应许多教师和学生的要求，我们编写了本教科书每章后面的习题答案。但是，有两点必须说明一下。第一，对术语的定义或解释，多是以本书相关章节为依据，所以会有些局限性。好在目前市场上有多种语言学词典，大家可参考其他定义和解释。第二，对开放式问答题的回答，多为提示性的，而且也是基于本书内容做的基本回答，往往显得过于简略。一方面，本书是入门性的教程，对诸多问题的讨论仍欠深入；另一方面，每章后面附的参考书，可以告诉读者到哪里去查找相关信息，加深对某个问题的了解。总之，这里提供的答案是参考性的，绝不是唯一的，更不是穷尽一切的

2、。充其量，它只能给教师和同学提供一点点方便而已。如发现不当之处，敬请指教。Chapter1Introduction1.Definethefollowingtermsbriefly.(1)linguistics:thescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.(2)language:asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(3)arbitrariness:theabsenceofsimilaritybetwe

3、entheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinreality,e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.(4)duality:thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsandletters)combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherlevel.(5)competence:knowledgeofthegrammarofalanguage

4、asaformalabstractionanddistinctfromthebehaviorofactuallanguageuse,i.e.performance.(6)performance:Chomsky’stermforactuallanguagebehaviorasdistinctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesit,orcompetence.(7)stylistics:thestudyofhowliteraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfe

5、atures.(8)phaticcommunion:Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.(9)functionalism:thestudyoftheformsoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfunctionincommunication.(10)formalism:thestudyoftheabstractformsoflanguag

6、eandtheirinternalrelations.(11)synchroniclinguistics:thestudyoflanguageandspeechastheyareusedatagivenmomentandnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.(12)diachroniclinguistics:thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmo

7、ment.2.No,languageishuman-specific.Humanlanguagehassevendesignfeatures,includingarbitrariness,duality,productivity,interchangeability,displacement,specializationandculturaltransmission.Thesefeaturesarefoundutterlylackingindogs’orpigs’noisesandthussethumanlan

8、guageapartfromanimalcrysystems.3.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Forexample,forthesameanimaldog,inEngl