direct and indirect trust and reciprocity^：直接和间接的信任和互惠

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1、DIRECTANDINDIRECTTRUSTANDRECIPROCITY^NancyR.Buchan*RachelT.A.Croson**RobynM.Dawes***AbstractWeexaminetheextenttowhichpeopletrustandreciprocateinsituationsofdirectandindirectreciprocity.Ourfirststudyshowsthatasthepotentialfordirectreciprocitybetweenthetrustora

2、ndreciprocatordecreases,levelsoftrustandreciprocationdecreasealso;yet,onaverage,theselevelsremainsignificantlyaboveequilibriumpredictions.OursecondstudyextendstheseresultstothreeAsiancountries.Wefindnotonlythatlevelsoftrustandreciprocationvaryacrosscountries,

3、butthatthedrop-offsintrustacrossdirectandindirectreciprocityconditionsvaryacrosscountriesaswell.Thesedifferencesindrop-offssuggestasignificantcountryinfluenceontheboundariesoftrust.^WethanktheparticipantsattheEconomicScienceAssociation,theSocietyforJudgmentan

4、dDecisionMaking,andtheEuropeanAssociationofExperimentalSocialPsychologymeetingsalongwithseminarparticipantsatYale,TexasA&MUniversityandUCSanDiegofortheirinsightfulcommentsandfeedbackonthisresearch.WearealsogratefultoPeterDicksonforhisinputonthemanuscript.Thes

5、econdauthor’sresearchwassupportedbyNSFgrantSES#98-76079-001.43I.IntroductionInarecentissueofScience,biologistshailtrustandreciprocityasthe“basisofallhumansystemsofmorality”[NowakandSigmund,2000].Indeed,thegrowingliteratureontrustacrossanumberofacademicfieldsf

6、ocusesonitscentralitytoeveryareaofourlives.Economistshavedemonstratedthatariseincountry-leveltrustincreaseseconomicgrowth[KnackandKeefer1997].Politicalscientistsandeconomistshaveshownthattheleveloftrustinasocietyinfluencesgovernmentalandjudicialefficiency[Put

7、nam1993;LaPorta,etal.1997].Psychologistsmaintainthattrustplaysaprominentroleintheemergenceofcooperationinproblemsofcollectiveaction[Dawes1980].Businessresearchershaveclaimedthatbeinga“trustedcooperator”withinaglobalnetworkisrequisitetoachievingcompetitiveadva

8、ntage[MorganandHunt1994].FinallyAlanGreenspanunderscoredthecriticalnatureoftrusttooureconomicwayoflife,“Trustisattherootofanyeconomicsystembasedonmutuallybeneficialexchange…ifasignificant