earth systems science：地球系统科学

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1、EarthSystemsScienceLaboratory4IgneousRocksGoalsandObjectives:Tolearntheclassificationofigneousrocks.Tousemineralstoidentifythecompositionalgroupsofplutonicigneousrocks.Touserocktexturestoidentifyvolcanicvs.plutonicigneousrocks.Toidentifyandnameigneou

2、sandmetamorphicrocks.Tounderstandhowfractionalcrystallizationcanleadtodifferentcompositionalgroupsofigneousrocks.TorelateBowen'sreactionseriestothecompositionalgroupsofigneousrocks.Tousecombinationsofrockstoidentifythegeologicenvironmentinwhichthegro

3、upofrockscouldhaveformed.KeyTermsandConcepts:texturemaficdioritecompositionintermediateandesiteigneousfelsicgranitevolcanicfractionalcrystallizationrhyoliteextrusiveBowen'sreactionseriesobsidianplutonicgabbropumiceintrusivebasalttuffMaterialsNeededpr

4、ovidedinlab:mineralstudysetnailmagnifyinglensesrockboxpennyM&Msdilutehydrochloricacidbringtolab:calculatorpocketknifeIntroductionIgneousrocksformfromthecoolingandsolidificationofmoltenrock.Althoughsomeigneousrockscoolquicklytoformaglass,mostcrystalli

5、zemoregraduallyintoamixtureofdifferentminerals.PART1:MAKINGIGNEOUSROCKSSorry–youwon’tactuallybeabletomakeyourownigneousrocksinthislab.(Wewouldneedareallyhotfurnace.)Butyouwillbeabletousechocolatetosimulateaprocessthathappensinmagma.Fractionalcrystall

6、izationThedifferentmineralsthatmakeupigneousrockscrystallizeatdifferenttemperatures.Becauseeachofthemineralshasaspecificcompositionthatisdifferentfromthechemicalcompositionofthemagmaasawhole,thecrystallizationofmineralschangesthecompositionoftheremai

7、ningliquid.Thisprocess,calledfractionalcrystallization,allowsmagmastochangeincomposition,creatingdifferentigneousrocks.1.1)Tosimulatetheprocessoffractionalcrystallization,usedifferentcolorsofM&Mstorepresentdifferentelements.(Geologistskeeptrackofrock

8、compositionsusingpercentagesofoxides–ionsplusoxygen–becauseoxygenisthemainnegativelychargedionthatbalancesthepositivechargesonalltheotherions.)Startwith100M&M's,distributedlikethis:Table1.OxideColorNumberSiO2blue46Al2O3yellow13FeO+MgOorange25CaOred11