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1、JohnMilton约翰·弥尔顿IntroductionbornDec.9,1608,London,Eng. diedNov.8?,1674,London?·JohnMilton,detailofanengravingbyWilliamFaithorne,1670;intheNationalPortraitGallery,…Englishpoet,pamphleteer,andhistorian,consideredthemostsignificantEnglishauthorafterWilliamShakespeare.Miltonisbestknownf
2、orParadiseLost,widelyregardedasthegreatestepicpoeminEnglish.TogetherwithParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes,itconfirmsMilton'sreputationasoneofthegreatestEnglishpoets.InhisproseworksMiltonadvocatedtheabolitionoftheChurchofEnglandandtheexecutionofKingCharlesI.FromthebeginningoftheEngl
3、ishCivilWarsin1642tolongaftertherestorationofCharlesIIaskingin1660,heespousedinallhisworksapoliticalphilosophythatopposedtyrannyandstate-sanctionedreligion.HisinfluenceextendednotonlythroughthecivilwarsandinterregnumbutalsototheAmericanandFrenchrevolutions.Inhisworksontheology,heval
4、uedlibertyofconscience,theparamountimportanceofScriptureasaguideinmattersoffaith,andreligioustolerationtowarddissidents.Asacivilservant,MiltonbecamethevoiceoftheEnglishCommonwealthafter1649throughhishandlingofitsinternationalcorrespondenceandhisdefenseofthegovernmentagainstpolemical
5、attacksfromabroad. EarlylifeandeducationMilton'spaternalgrandfather,Richard,wasastaunchRomanCatholicwhoexpelledhissonJohn,thepoet'sfather,fromthefamilyhomeinOxfordshireforreadinganEnglish(i.e.,Protestant)Bible.Banishedanddisinherited,Milton'sfatherestablishedinLondonabusinessasascri
6、vener,preparingdocumentsforlegaltransactions.Hewasalsoamoneylender,andhenegotiatedwithcreditorstoarrangeforloansonbehalfofhisclients.Heandhiswife,SaraJeffrey,whosefatherwasamerchanttailor,hadthreechildrenwhosurvivedtheirearlyyears:Anne,theoldest,followedbyJohnandChristopher.ThoughCh
7、ristopherbecamealawyer,aRoyalist,andperhapsaRomanCatholic,hemaintainedthroughouthislifeacordialrelationshipwithhisolderbrother.AftertheStuartmonarchywasrestoredin1660,Christopher,amongothers,mayhaveintercededtopreventtheexecutionofhisbrother.TheelderJohnMilton,whofosteredculturalint
8、erestsasamusicianan