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1、JournalofHazardousMaterialsB137(2006)456463FluorideindrinkingwateranditsremovalMeenakshi∗,R.C.MaheshwariCentreforRuralDevelopmentandTechnology,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Delhi,HauzKhas,NewDelhi,IndiaReceived2March2005;receivedinrevisedform15February2006;accepted16February2006Availableonlin
2、e28February2006AbstractExcessivefluorideconcentrationshavebeenreportedingroundwatersofmorethan20developedanddevelopingcountriesincludingIndiawhere19statesarefacingacutefluorosisproblems.Varioustechnologiesarebeingusedtoremovefluoridefromwaterbutstilltheproblemhasnotbeenrootedout.Inthispaper,ab
3、roadoverviewoftheavailabletechnologiesforfluorideremovalandadvantagesandlimitationsofeachonehavebeenpresentedbasedonliteraturesurveyandtheexperimentsconductedinthelaboratorywithseveralprocesses.Ithasbeenconcludedthattheselectionoftreatmentprocessshouldbesitespecificasperlocalneedsandprevailin
4、gconditionsaseachtechnologyhassomelimitationsandnooneprocesscanservethepurposeindiverseconditions.©2006PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Keywords:Fluoride;Fluorosis;Groundwater;Soilwater;Drinkingwater;Treatment1.Introductionfromintensivelycultivatedfields,disposalofhazardouswastes,liquidandsolidwastesf
5、romindustries,sewagedisposal,sur-Waterisanessentialnaturalresourceforsustaininglifeandfaceimpoundmentsetc.[14].Duringitscomplexflowhistory,environmentthatwehavealwaysthoughttobeavailableingroundwaterpassesthroughvariousgeologicalformationslead-abundanceandfreegiftofnature.However,chemicalcom
6、po-ingtoconsequentcontaminationinshallowaquifers.sitionofsurfaceorsubsurfaceisoneoftheprimefactorsonPresenceofvarioushazardouscontaminantslikefluoride,whichthesuitabilityofwaterfordomestic,industrialoragri-arsenic,nitrate,sulfate,pesticides,otherheavymetalsetc.inculturalpurposedepends.Freshw
7、ateroccursassurfacewaterundergroundwaterhasbeenreportedfromdifferentpartsofandgroundwater.Thoughgroundwatercontributesonly0.6%India[59].Inmanycases,thewatersourceshavebeenren-ofthetotalwaterresourcesonearth,itisthemajorandthepre-deredunsafenotonlyforhuma
