从接受美学视角看葛浩文在《狼图腾》翻译中的读者因素

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声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在指导教师的指导下，独立进行研究所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律责任由本人承担。论文作者签名：日期：丝!墨：丝二丝关于学位论文使用权的说明本人完全了解太原理工大学有关保管、使用学位论文的规定，其中包括：①学校有权保管、并向有关部门送交学位论文的原件与复印件；②学校可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段复制并保存学位论文；③学校可允许学位论文被查阅或借阅；④学校可以学术交流为目的，复制赠送和交换学位论文；⑤学校可以公布学位论文的全部或部分内容(保密学位论文在解密后遵守此规定)。签名：■上’Hi导师签名：日7期：砑’f≥·参乒 太原理I：人学硕十学位论文ONREADER'SFACTORINHOWARDGOLDBLATT’STRANSLATIONOF眦F加删FROMPERSPECTIVEOFAESTHETICSOFRECEPTIONABSTRACTLiterarytranslationisnotonlyatransformationactivityofdifferentlanguage，butalsoakindofartisticrecreation．Itcarriesanactivityofcross—culturalcommunication，whichisresponsibleforthemutualexchangeofculture．LangTutengwrittenbyJiangRonghasarousedagreatreflectiononbothreadingandcommentsinceitwaspublishedin2004inChina．In2008，theEnglishversion肋矿TotemtranslatedbvHowardGoldblatt，anoutstandingscholarandtranslatorforcontemporaryChineseliteraryinAmerica，hasbeenissuedin10countriesandre2ions．Duetohissuccessfultranslation，WolfTotemwonthefirstManAsianLiteraryPrize．ThestudiesofWolfTotemhavebeenincreasingtheseyears，butmostofthemfocusonthetextandthetranslator,whileignoringthereaders．WiththeAestheticofReceptionasthetheoreticalframework，thisthesismanifestsGoldblatt，SviewontranslationinWolfTotemfirstly,andthenanalyzesthemfromthereaders’perspective．Theauthorcomparesitwiththeoriginalfromthereaders’culture，languagehabits，comprehensionabilities，andaestheticrequirements·ItpointsoutthatGoldblattconsidersthetargetlanguagereadersinhistranslation，gettingridofthebondageoftheoriginalformanddeletingagreatamountofcontentsthatinvolvessomecommentsanddescriptions．Inaddition，headjuststhestructureinSOmepansofthenovelandmadeagreatnumberofcreationsintranslation．Itconcludesthatthereaders’factorcouldinfluenceonGoldblatt’Schoiceoftranslationobject，translationstrategiesandlanguageexpresslon． 太原理一r大学硕十学何论文KEYWORDS：readers’factor,HowardGoldblatt，WolfTotem 太原理■人学硕十学位论文从接受美学视角看葛浩文在《狼图腾》翻译中的读者因素摘要文学翻译既是不同语言的转换活动，也是一种艺术再创造活动，同时也是一项跨文化的交流活动，背负着两种文化的传播及相互交流的重任。姜戎所著的《狼图腾》自2004年在中国发行以来在阅读和小说评论方面都引起了巨大反响。在2008年，葛浩文的英译本在全球110个国家和地区同步发行。葛浩文是美国著名的中国当代文学学者和翻译家，由于他对《狼图腾》的出色翻译，这本小说获得了第一届亚曼仕文学奖。近年来对葛浩文译本的研究也在不断增加，但大多数研究都只注重小说的文本和译者，却忽略的读者本身。本文以接受美学为理论框架，首先展现了译文中的翻译特点，随后从读者的文化背景，语言习惯，理解能力和审美需求对比原文和译文并加以分析，论述了葛浩文在翻译中的策略选择，指出读者在翻译中的主要地位。此外，本文指出葛浩文在翻译中充分考虑读者的需求，摆脱了原文形式的束缚，删除了文本中大量的议论和描写部分，调整了小说的结构，对译本进行了大量创作。最后得出读者因素对葛浩文在《狼图腾》翻译时的文本选择，策略选择和语言表达形式都有不同程度的影响。关键词：一读者因素，葛浩文，《狼图腾》英译本 太原理l：人’亨：顶十学f就论文CONTENTSABSTRACT⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．i摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。iiiChapterOneIntroduction．．．．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．11．1IntroductiontoLangTutengandItsTranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11．1。lIntroductiontoLangTutengandItsAuthor⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．11．1．2IntroductiontoHowardGoldblattandHisTranslationof肋，厂Totem．21．2ResearchMethodology．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．41．3SignificanceoftheThesis．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．41．4StructureoftheThesis⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．．⋯．5ChapterTwoLiteratureReview．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．72．1PreviousResearchesonHowardGoldblattandHisTranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯72．1．1HowardGoldblattandHisContributionsonChineseLiterature⋯⋯⋯72．1．2PreviousResearchesonHowardGoldblatt’STranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯82．2PreviousResearchesonHowaMGoldblatt’SWogTotem⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯10ChapterThreeTheoreticalFramework．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．153．1AnBriefOverviewofAestheticsofReception⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯153．2ConceptsofAestheticsofReception⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．163．2．1HorizonofExpectationandFusionofHorizon⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．163．2．2IndeterminacyoftheTe：xt⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．173．3RelationshipbetweentheTranslatorandtheReader⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．183-3．1TheReader’SPrimaryRoleinReception⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．183．3．2TheTranslatorinReception⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯193．3．3TheRelationshipbetweentheTranslatorandtheReaders⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．203．4ApplicationofAestheticsofReceptioninTranslationStudies⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯20ChapterFourTheManifestationofHowardGoldblatt’SViewonTranslationinWotfTotem．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．234．1FidelityandBetray．．．．．．．．．．．．．，，．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．234．2CreativityandRewriting．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．26ChapterFiveReaders’InfluenceonHowardGoldblatt’STranslationinWogTotem．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．315．1InfluenceonChoiceofTranslationObject．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．315．2InfluenceonChoiceofTranslationStrategies．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．315．3InfluenceonGoldblatt’SConsiderationforReadersinTranslation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯33 太原理l‘人学硕十学伉论文5．3．1ConsiderationtbrReadersonCulture⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．335．3．2ConsiderationonReadm’’SLanguageHabits．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．425．3．3ConsiderationonReader’SComprehensionAbilities⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．465．3．4ConsiderationonReader’SAestheticRequirements⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯485．4Summary．．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．．⋯．⋯．．⋯．．．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯．51ChapterSixConclusion．．．．．．．⋯⋯⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．536．1MainFindings⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．536．2LimitationsoftheStudy．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．．54BIBLIOGRAPHY⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯55ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯。59PUBLISHEDPAPERS⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．．61 太原理。I：人学硕十学侮沦文ChapterOneIntroduction1．1IntroductiontoLangTutengandItsTranslation1．1．1IntroductiontoLangTutengandItsAuthorLangTuteng，publishedin2004，hasshoweditsbrilliantsalesandarousedagreatreflectioninChina．It'soriginalauthor,JiangRongwithhisrealnameLvJiamin(吕嘉民)，wasborninJiangsuin1946．FollowingtheanswerofChairmanMaoZedong’Scallforcitydwellerstogoto‘‘uptothemountainsanddowntothecountryside，”hevolunteeredtoworkinInnerMongoliain1967，andlaboredtheiruntil1978．Hespentmorethanadecadeasashepherdanddidinfactlearnfromandbefriendtheherdsmenwithwhomhelivedandworked．Duringthisperiod，hehasbeenattractedbythewolves’craftyandwisdom，militarytalentandperseverancespirit，whichmadehimcreatethisfull—lengthmasterpiece—LangTuteng‘aftermorethanthreedecadesresearch．ThisnovelwasbasedonJiangRong’SlifeexperienceinInnerMongoliangrasslandinthe1970s．Therefore，itcanberegardedasasemi—autobio酽aphicalnovel．LangTutengiscomposedbyaseriesofwolfstories．ThisnovelcoversanecologicalwarningandpoliticalindictmentthroughthestoryofChenZhen，aBeijingstudentsenttoliveasashepherdamongtheherdsmenoftheOlonbulang，whichisthegrasslandinInnerMongolia，duringtheperiodofCulturalRevolutioninthe1960s．Theprotagonist，ChenZhen，livesamongthenomadicMongols，aproud，brave，andancientraceofpeoplewhocoexistinperfectharmonywiththeirunspeakablybeautifulbutcruelnaturalsurroundings．Theiropinionsofmaintainingabalancewithnatureisthefoundationoftheirreligion，akindofcultofthewolEThewolves，asthesoulofgrassland，haveplayedanimportantroleintheMongolian’Slife，andtheauthordescribeseveryreconnaissance，encirclementandambushofthewolftorepresenttheirperseverance，loveandaffection．Atthebeginningofeachchapterinthisnovel，historicalallusionshavebeenquotedtostatetherelationshipbetweenwolvesandMongols．Thisstyleshowsthehistoricalbackgroundandlanguage 太原理jl：人学硕十学位论文environmenttothereaders．butmakesthetranslationmoredimcultaswell．Thisnovelcontainedthewolves，theMongolians，ecologicalenvironment，grasslandcultureandhistory．ItexpressedacolorfullifeoftheMongoliansvividlyanddescribestheirvaliantandstrongcharactersinthebitternaturalenvironment．Inthisnovel，JiangRongtriedtomakepeoplethiIll(deeplyaboutourlivingenvironmentsandnaturalresourcesandgaveawarningthatweshouldberesponsibleforOurecologicalenvironmentprotection．LangTutengWasthefruitofJiangRong’Spainstakingworkforaboutthirtyyears．ItdescribedthespecificcustomsandbeautifulsceneryofgrasslandinInnerMongolia．Besidesthat,itsharplyanalyzedournationalcharacterandinterpretedtheChinesehistoryandculture．ItWasalloutstandingmasterpiecethatcontainsabundantculturalconnotation．Ithasbeentranslatedintothirtydifferentlanguagesandpublishedin10countriesintheworld．TheEnglishversionofLangTuteng,namedWolfTotem，hasbeentranslatedbyHowardGoldblatt．Withhissuccessfultranslation，WolfTotemhasbeenawardedthefirstManAsianLiteraryPrize．Afteritspublicationin2008，ithascreatedahighsalesvolumeforChineseliteratureinthewesternmarket．Inaddition，thefilmofthesamenameWoIfTotemhasalreadybeendirectedbythefamousFrenchfilmdirectorJeanJacquesAnnaudinJuly,2012inBeijingaftermanyyearsofpreparation．Itisexpectedtoshowtotheaudienceattheendof2014．WolfTotemhasalreadybeenasymbolofChineseliteratureandChinesecultureallovertheworld．(ZhouBaiyi，ZhangXuefeng，2006)．1．1．2IntroductiontoHowardGoldblattandHisTranslationofWolf乃纶朋LangTutengwasnotonlypopularinthedomesticmarket，butalsogottheattentionoftheforeignpressandthewesternmainstreammedia．ThroughthewonderfulstoryofthewolfinInnerMongoliagrassland，thisnovelreflectedakindofharmonyenvironmentalprotectionconsciousnessbetweenmanandthenature．What’Smore，itmirroredtheconflictandfusionbetweennomadiccultureandfarmingculture．ThePenguinPressregardeditasawonderfidnovelwithcharacteristicsofChinese 太原理T人。子：硕十学位论文historyandculttu’e(JiaoXin，2005)．In20087theEnglishversionofLangTutengthattranslatedbyHowardGoldblattwascomeout．HowardGoldblattisanAmericanwidelyacknowledgedsinologistandtranslatorforcontemporaryChineseliteratureintheworldatpresent．HehastranslatednumerousChinesemodemandcontemporarynovelsintoEnglish．Inhistranslationcareer,hehasmadeagreatcontributiontothosetranslations，andpromotedthespreadofChineseliteratureandChineseculturetothewesternworld．HeandhistranslationshavebeenwellknowninChinaandabroadandwonagreatpraiseandacclaimfromordinaryEnglishreadersandscholars．XiaZhiqingsaidHowardGoldblattis‘‘thechieftranslatorofChinesemodemandcontemporaryliterature”．JohnUpdike，afamousAmericanauthor,alsopointedhisviewonthemagazineofTheNewYorker：‘‘AmericantranslationofcontemporaryChinesefictionappearstobethelonelyprovinceofoneman．ThatisHowardGoldblatt”(Fuge，ZhangJiang，2008)．HecomparedHowardGoldblatttothe“midwife”ofmodemandcontemporaryChineseliterature．DuetoGoldblatt’Stranslation，morethanfiftymasterworkswhichwrotebytheauthorsinChinesemainland，TaiwanandHongKonghavebeenpublishedinwesternworld．“Readability’’and‘‘acceptability’’shouldbetheimportantprincipleforliterarytranslation．Goldblattdisapprovedtoinsertnotesinliterarytranslationcasually．Heconsideredthatitwouldbebettertoplacethenotesintranslationprefaceorattheendofthefictionintheappendix，orfuseintothestory．Thereadabilityofthetranslationmustnotbeaffectedbythesenotes．InWo矿Totem，thoseculturalwordsorphraseswhichwerenotconvenienttoexplaininthecontexthavebeenplacedintheglossaryattheendofthetext．Inaddition，inhistranslationofWo／fTotem，GoldblattdeletedalotofcontentsthatinvolvedinChinesehistoryandliteraryallusion．Atthesametime，headdedrelatedbackgroundinformationconsciouslytOsomepartswherethetargetlanguagereaders(TLreaders)mayfeelconfusedtounderstandthewriter’SmeaningWhat’Smore，becauseofthepublisher’Srequirements，Goldblattalsodeletedsomecommentsoftheoriginalnovelinhistranslation，includingtheprefaceofeachchapterandaboutthirtythousandwords,commentsattheendofthe‘original．ItmeanttohighlightthenarrativeofthenoveltomeettheT1．readers’needssincetheyprefer 太原理jI：人!学硕十学位论文thenarrativestorybutnotthecommentaryone．Obviously,GoldblattconsideredtheTLreadersasthecenterinthetranslationandtooktheir“readability’’and“acceptability”forhistranslationprinciple．1．2ResearchMethodologyAsareaderoftheoriginal，thetranslatorshouldconsidertheTLreaders’receptivity,aestheticrequirementsandexpectationhorizonsbesideshis／herownunderstandingoftheworks．Meanwhile，thetranslatorshouldalsobefaithfultotheoriginal．First，thispaperusesdescriptivemethodtomanifestGoldblatt’Stranslationcharacteristicsthroughsomeexamples．Thenthroughthereceptiontheory,thispaperpointsthetranslator’Sselectionofthistext，translationstrategiesanddescribeshisconsiderationforTLreadersondifferentaspectsfromacertainamountofinstances．1．3SignificanceoftheThesisWangNingoncepointedthatthetranslationwasanimportantmeansinChina’Sinternationalculturalexchange，anditshouldfocusontranslatingChineseintoforeignlanguagesratherthanviceversa(WangNing，2000)．Meanwhile，wemusthaveacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheterm“translation”，andthetranslationstrategiesshouldbeconvertedfromtheliteralformstotheconnotativeinterpretation．Therefore，intheprocessoftranslation，wecouldnotonlypursuetheSO·called“fidelity”onone．side，butalsoneedtomakethetranslationinterpretedwiththeoriginalculturalconnotationandmeaning．Thetraditionaltranslationtheoryalwaysfocusedonthetextandthetranslator,butnotthereader．Infact，onlythereadersacceptedandappreciatedthenovel，Canitfulfilleditsownvalueultimately．HowardGoldblattisanoutstandingtranslatorformodemandcontemporaryChineseliterature．DuetohisbilingualknowledgeofChineseandEnglishandenthusiasmforChineseliterature，GoldblaahasagreatachievementonChineseliterarytranslationandbeensuccessfulathomeandabroad．Duringhisthreedecadestranslationcareer,hehastranslatedaboutfiftynovelsandnumerousshortstoriesthathavebeenwrittenforaboutthirtypopularwritersinChinesemainland，HongKongandTaiWan．4 太原理t：人学硕十学何论文WolfTotem，asaremarkabletranslation，wastranslatedbyGoldblatt．Itgaveagoodexampleto“export’’ChineseliteratureandbeenpopularwithbothEnglishandChinesereaders．ThecurrentstudiesofGoldblattandhistranslationmainlyinvolveinhissubjectivity,culturedifferencebetweenoriginalandhistranslation，theecologicaltranslationtheoryandtheskopostheory，etc．However,littleresearchOilreaders’aspecthasbeenstudied．Therefore，itissignificancetoanalyzeGoldblatt’StranslationandhisWolfTotemtofindhisconsiderationforthetargetlanguagereaders，andthenmakeapropercreationandrewritingintranslationtomeetthereaders’needsanddemands．Thereceptiontheorypersistedthatthereaders’imaginationgavearoomforrecreation．ThispaperaimstoanalyzeGoldblatt’StranslationonWogTotemandconcludesthatthereadersplayavitalroleinGoldblatt’Stranslation．1．4StructureoftheThesisThisthesisiscomposedofsixchapters．ThefirstchaptergivesabriefintroductiontoLangTutenganditstranslation，includingoriginalauthoranditstranslator．Thenthefollowingdiscussestheresearchmethodologyandsignificanceofthisthesis．ChaptertwogivesareviewonGoldblattandhistranslation．Itisdividedintotwoparts：oneistopresentGoldblatt’SlifeandcontributionsoncontemporaryChineseliteratureinthepastthirtyyears；theotheristogiveanoverviewonGoldblatt’Stranslationandhis肋矿Totem．Inthischapter，thestudyonHowardGoldblatt’Stranslationisdividedintotwotypes：thefirstistheoverviewofHowardGoldblatt’Stranslationideasandstrategies；thesecondistheexplorationoftheculturaldifferencebetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguageChapterthreeintroducesatheoreticalframeworkofthisstudy．Thefirstpartofthischaptergivesabriefoverviewofaestheticsofreception，includingitsoriginanddevelopment．Then“Horizonofexpectation”，‘‘fusionofhorizon”and“indeterminacyofthetext”havebeenexplainedinthefollowingpart．Third，thischapteranalyzestherolesofreadersandtranslatorstOindicatetherelationshipbetweenthem．Finally，itelaboratestheapplicationofaestheticsofreceptiontheol‘Yintranslationstudy) 太原理，I：大!学硕士学位论文ChapterfourandchapterfivearethemainbodyofthispapecChapterfourmakesthemanifestationofHowardGoldblatt’StranslationinWogTotemwhichcontainsfidelityandbetrayaswellascreativityandrewriting．Inchapterfive，theauthorfirstanalyszsGoldblatt’Schoiceoftranslationobject．Second，Goldblatt’StranslationstrategiesinWotfTotemaresummarized．ItrefersthatGoldblatthasappliedforeignizationanddomesticationproperlyintranslationofWotfToteminordertoconveytheunfamiliarfactorsofthesourcelanguageculturetothetargetlanguagereadersintheiracceptablerangeasmuchaspossible．111i札itdeals诹tllGoldblatt’SconsiderationforTLreadersontheirculture，languagehabits，comprehensionabilitiesandaestheticrequirements．Atlast，itsummarizesthatGoldblatthascenteredthereaders’feelinginlinewiththereceptiontheoryandinfusedChineseelementstothetranslationwhichmakesitacceptableandappreciatedbyTLreaderstofulfillthevalueoftranslationcompletely．Chaptersixconcludesthisthesis．ThemainfindingsandlimitationsaresummarizedinthischapterItindicatesGoldblatt’Sconsiderationfortargetlanguagereadersonfouraspectsandconcludesfourmethodsheusedintranslation，andpointsthatGoldblatt’StranslationiSakindofcreativetreason．6 太原理I：人学硕十!学位沦文ChapterTwoLiteratureReview2．1PreviousResearchesonHowardGoldblattandHisTranslation2．1．1HowardGoldblattandHisContributionsonChineseLiteratureAmericantranslatorHowardGoldblattwasbornin1939．HeisadistinguishedtranslatorofmodemandcontemporaryChineseliteratureinAmericaandwellknownforhisachievementathomeandabroad．GoldblatthasgraduatedfromLongbeach，Californiastateuniversityin1961，andthenheenlistedinthenavyandsenttoTaipeiasacommunicationsofficenIntheperiodofVietnamWar,hewassenttotheUnitedStatesNavalAcademyforlearning·Duringthatperiod，hehadsufficienttimetolearnChineseandChineseculture，whichledhimtothelaterresearchofChineselanguageandChineseliterature．WhenhereturnedtoAmerica，hewasadmittedbySanFranciscoStateUniversitytopursuehisstudyinChineseandthenobtainedMaster’SDegree．In1974，hewasawardedtheDoctorDegreeofIndianaUniversity．BecauseofHowardGoldblett’SdiligenthardworkingandoutstandingbilingualcapabilityofEnglishandChinese，hehasmadeagreatachievementinhistranslationcareerasatranslator．Forthepastthirtyyears，hehastranslatedaboutfiftyChinesenovelsthatwrittenbythirtypopularwritersorsoinChina，suchasXiaoHong(N幺-I)，MoYan(莫言)，SuTong(苏童)，WangShuo(王朔)，JiaPingwa(NslzlN)，BiFeiyu(毕Z宇)，ZhangJie(张沽)，etc．Duetohistranslation，TurbulencebyJiaPingwawonthePegasusPrizeforLiterature1989，Note．，ofaDesolateMantranslatedbyhimandhiswifeWOntheannualawardoftheAmericantranslatorsassociationin1999．InthefoursessionofManAsianLiteraryPrize，threeChinesecontemporarynovelshavewonthisawardbecauseofhistranslation．WolfTotemwrittenbyJiangRongwonthisawardin2008，TheBoattORedemptionwrittenbySuTonggotthisawardin2010，andThree．gisterswrittenbyBiFeiyuwasrewardedin2011．HemadehisChineseliteraturetranslationwiththeflavorandstyleofBritishandAmericanliteratureina7 太原理一人学硕士学位论文vividway，andgaveanincreasinginfluenceoftheChinesewritersonthewesternworld．Mo'fan，thewinnerofNobelPrizeforliteraturein2012，onceindicatedthat“Goldblatt’Stranslationversionmakestheoriginalmoregorgeous⋯⋯heisnotonlyfullofwitbutalsoseriousinwork．”(MoYan，2000)2．1．2PreviousResearchesonHowardGoldblatt’STranslationHowardGoldblatthascontributedhiswholelifetothetranslationofChinesecontemporarynovel．HistranslationhaspromotedChineseliteratureandcultureintoEnglisharoundtheworld，andenhanceditsintemationalpopularity．AftersurveyingthestudiesofGoldblattinCNKI，156piecesofresearcheshavebeenfound．ThispapersummarizesmainlythreetypesofresearchesonHowardGoldblatt’Stranslation．(1)ThestudiesofHowardGoldblatt’Stranslationideasandstrategies．AnearlierstudyofHowardGoldblattwasZhangYaoping’Scommentsonhisthesisof‘‘HowardGoldblatt：ToReadinChineseandtoWriteinEnglish”in2005．Inthisthesis，hepointedtheHowardGoldblatt’Stranslationopinionshouldbefaithfulandcreativetotheoriginal．(ZhangYaoping，2005)．AsatranslatoLGoldblatthasexpressedallhistranslationviewsthroughhisessayof”TheWritingLife”in2002，fromwhichweconcludedHoward’Sviewsontranslationforfourparts：translationisbetrayal；translationisrewriting；translationiscross—culturalcommunication；translationiscompromiseoffidelityandcreativity．TheseviewswerealsoexplainedinWenjtm’Sresearchthroughhisdescriptionandcomparisonbetweenthesourcetextandthetranslation(WenJun，2007)．HealsopointedthatthestrategiesofbetrayalandrewritingshouldbeindispensableinGoldblatt’Stranslation．In2009，abriefintroductiontoGoldblatt’SviewoftranslationgivenbyJinXiuyingwassummarizedintothreeparts：‘‘translationistoenhancecommunicationbetweencultures；translatorsshouldbecompetent，adoptseriousattitudeandenjoytranslating；translatedtextscanbecompromisesbetweenfidelityandcreativity”(JinXiuying，2009)．Shepointedthattranslationwasnotonlyasymbolconversionactivitybetweendifferentlanguages，butalsoinvolvedthetransmissionbetweendifferentculturesindifferentlanguage．Oneoftheeffectsintranslationwastointroducenewconcept 太原理1．人学硕十学1：奇：论文fromforeignculture，andmanyofthesenewconceptsshouldbeusedinnewwordstoexpressthenewideas，butnotblindlyusethefamiliarwordstotranslatetheunfamiliarconcepts．Sotranslationistheunificationoffidelityandcreativity．Soonin2010，HuAnjiangcalledfortheChineseLiteratureto“goout”，andindicatedthat“veracity”．‘‘receptivity’’and“domesticatingstrategy”werenotonlythemainthoughtsofGoldblatt’Stranslation，butalsothewholewesternreaders’expectation．(HuAnjiang，2010)ThelatestresearchwasaccordingtoYudongin2012．Heindicatedinhisstudythat“flexibilityisofvitalimportancetothetranslatorinhiseffortstoovercomevariousobstaclesthatmightoccurinChinese—Englishliterarytranslation．’’HethoughtthefrsttargetinGoldblatt’Sliterarytranslationistomeettheaesthetictasteofthetargetlanguagereaders．’’WiththisthoughtinGoldblatt’Smind，hehasbeensuccessfulinmakinghistranslationsofChinesenovelsmoreacceptablebythenativeEnglishreaderseitherlinguisticallyoraesthetically．ItconcludedthatthegreaterreadabilityforChineseliteraryworksamongthewesternreadersshouldlargelydependonthecreativityofthetranslator．Foronlywiththiscreativitywillthetranslatorbeabletoreproducetheaestheticvalueoftheoriginal(YuDong，2012)．(2)Exploretheculturaldifferencesbetweensourcetextandtranslation．ThiskindofresearchwasmainlyconsideringtheculturaldifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishinGoldblatt’Stranslation．Literarytranslation，asacross—culturalcommunicationintheformofconvertingandexpressionfromonelanguageintoanotherdifferentfromeachotherbymeansofre—creatingorrewritingtheoriginalmeaningofthesourcelanguageinatargetlanguage，wasarenderingprocessofwordsandsentencesatthediscourselevel．Theoriginalthoughtwithitscultureoftheexpressionreflectedbycultural—loadedwordsandstructuresmustbereproducedasfaithfullyandexpressivelyaspossiblewithcorrespondingwordsandsyntacticalpatterns，andthefaithfulfoundationsofreproductionwerelaidoutinconversion，I．ewritingandre—creation(LiangGenshun，2007)．WiththeChineseversionofnf，‘bulencewrittenbyJianPingwaandtheEnglisnversiontranslatedbyGoldblatt，SunyibocomparedanalysesofsonicexamplesOilmisreadingandmistranslation9 太原理。l：人学硕十!学位论文phenomenoninsourcetextandthetranslation，andthendiscussedthecausesofculturalmisreadingexamplesinhisarticle．Heconcludedthatinordertorealizethecultureexchangingmoreeffectively,thetranslatorshouldavoidthenegmiveinfluencesonculturalmisreadinginliterarytranslation(SunYibo，2011)．WangYinchongcomparedculturalconnotationsoftheassumedkinshiptermsintheoriginalandtheirtranslationsinEnglish，proposingthattheybetranslatedcontextuallyratherthanuniformlySOastohighlightthevariousinterpersonalrelationshipsstressedinspecificsituations(WangYingchong，2009)．In2012，SunhongmainlyanalyzedthepropernounandfolkadageintranslationofWolfTotem(SunHong，2012)．ThelatestresearchaboutHowardGoldblatt’StranslationisproposedbyShiGuoqiangin2013．HesummarizedtheGoldblatt’Stranslationstrategiesanddiscussedhistranslationattitudeof‘‘visibility”and‘‘invisibility”throughthecomparisonsofChineseversionandEnglishversioninMoYah’BigBreasts＆WideHips．Itmainlyanalyzedthepropernoun，Chinesefourcharacteridioms，folkadage，onomatopoeiaandmetaphortoshowthedifferencebetweenMoyan’SoriginalandtheEnglishversion，whichmeanstoshowthatHowardGoldblatttriedtoconveytheoriginalculturalinformationandwritingstyletoEnglishreadersinhistranslationworking(ShiGuoqiang，2013)．2．2PreviousResearchesonHowardGoldblatt’SWolfTotemJiangRong’SLangTutengbecameabestsellingnovelandaculturalsensationinChinawhenitwaspublishedin2004．Ittoldpeopletheimportanceofecologicalbalanceandenvironmentalprotection．LangTutenghasmorethanthirtylanguageversions，andtheEnglishversion，named肋矿Totem，wastranslatedbyHowardGoldblatt．IthassuccessfullyspreadChinesecultureandpromotedcross·culturecommunicationtotheworld．SincetheEnglishversionofrVotfTotemcameoutin2008，thestudiesofWolfTotemhavebeenincreasing．AccordingtoCNKI，mostdomesticscholarsfocusedtheirstudiesonGoldblatt’Stranslationfromdifferenttheoriesandaspects．Thetabletlistssomeresearchesofthemasfollow 太原理T人学硕十。-”T‘位论文NO．ThesisTime1从目的论看英文版《狼幽腾》中国文化负载词的翻译策略20092从《狼图腾》英译看文学翻译中的改写动机2009面向译入语文化的英文翻译——腑矿乃饱m：对于译入语文化规范影响翻译的探索3ATargetCulture—OrientedEnglishTranslationWo矿Totem：An2010ExplorationontheInfluenceofTargetCulturalNormsontheTranslation从翻译规范论视角浅析《狼图腾》英译本4AnalysisoftheEnglishVersionofWolfTotemfromthePerspectiveof20lOTranslationNorms5论中国新时期文学的西方接受——以英语视界中的《狼图腾》为例2011忠实或背叛：从《狼图腾》英译本看译者主体性的运用6FidelityorTreason：ExerciseoftheTranslator’SSubjectivityin2011EnglishVersionofWotfTotem7《狼图腾》英译本中的文革词语翻译2012生态翻译视角下的狼图腾翻译8OntheTranslationofLangTutengfromEcologicalTheoryof2012TranslationStudiesTable1AccordingtOthetable1，thepreviousresearchcoveredonSkoposTheory，RewritingTheory，TranslationNorms，andEcologicalTheory．Besidesthat，InformationTheory，FunctionalTheory，Intertextuality,CulturalManipulationandRelevance—TheoreticapproachtostrategieswerealsoappliedintranslationanalysisofWo矿Totem．Inaddition，someresearchesfocustheirattentionsonGoldblatt’SsubjectivityZhaoNaandhercompaniondiscussedthetranslationtechniquesfocusingontheChineseculturalwordsonthebaseofskopostheoryin2009．Theypointedthatbyuseofdifferentmethods，thistranslationwasnotonlyretainthecharacteristicsofChineseculture，butalsoinaccordancewiththeexpressionsot、theEnglishlanguage，realizing 太原理iil：人!学硕十学位论文thepurposeofcross—culturalcommunication(ZhaoNa，LiPei，2009)．LiZhiqigaveasimpleanalysisforthemeansoftranslationandrewritingmotivation，andconcludedtherecreationandmodificationofliteraturetranslationshouldbeonthepremiseofmaintainingthefaithfuloftheoriginal(LiZhiqi，2009)．LiHuimindiscussedculturalconflictsamongtheChineseandWesterncultureswithGideonTour’Starget—orientedtranslationstrategy．Inherstudy,sherelatedtheshiftsintranslationtothetargetculture-orientedapproach，andindicatedthatthetargetculturalnormsconcerningthecomplicatedimageofwolvesofthenovelwereexaminedinordertoexplaintheshiftsmadeinthetranslationandalsothesimilaritiesbetweenthesourcetextandthetranslation(LiHuimin．2010)．DongJingdescribeddifferenttranslationstepsofrVogTotemintheperspectiveofToury’Stranslationnorms．Shetriedtoavoidthesinglelinguistictranslationstudypatternandanalyzedthetranslationtextinawiderversion．Thus，amoreobjectiveandimpartialjudgmentcouldbemadetowardsthistranslation，andsheconcludedthatthetranslationshouldbeasuccessfulcaseofChineseliteratureexportingtoforeignmarket(DongJing，2010)．TianYuselectedGoldblatt’StranslatedversionofrVotfTotemasacaseofstudytofigureouthowGoldblattexercisedhissubjectivityduringhistranslationandwhyhisversionhasbeenSOwellacceptedbywesternreaders(TianYu，2011)．In2012，XuYingtooktheCulturalRevolutionwordsinWotfTotemasthestudyobjecttOdiscussthathowcouldGoldblatttranslatethesewordsintheprocessoftranslationandhowcouldheconveytheaccurateinformationfromtheoriginaltothetargetreadersofthetranslatedtext(XuYing，2012)．ChenYanyanofferedanin—depthanalysisofZ／ogTotemfromtheperspectiveofecologicaltheoryoftranslationstudy,whichanalyzedGoldblatt’SadaptationtothetranslationecologicalenvironmentandhisadaptiveselectionofthefinalizationofthetargettextandtheevaluationofhisWolJTotem(ChenYanan，2012)．Sheconcludedthatthetranslationshouldtakethetranslatorasthecenter,andthesuccessfultranslationofWotfTotemdependsonhisadaptationandselectionoftheecologicalenvironmental．Inanotheraspect，LiYongdongandLiYabostudiedtheacceptanceofthisnovelinEnglishworldfromthreepointsofviewontranslator,pressandcommentators，tO 太原理l’人学硕十学何论文thinkabouttheEnglishhorizonofcontemporaryChinesenovelsandexistingproblemsonChineseliteraryoutput(LiDongyong，LiYabo，2011)Accordingtotheaboveresearches，itcanbefoundthatmanystudiesonGoldblattandhisWolfTotemfocusedonthetranslatorandtargettextthemselvesbutnotthereaders．Infact，thereadersalsoplayanimportantroleinthenovel．ThisthesiswillmainlyanalyzeHowardGoldblatt’StranslationonthecaseofWolfTotemfromthereaders’perspectiveandfinddifferenttranslationphenomenonduringhistranslation． 太原理．1：人学硕+学位论文14 太原理．1：人学硕十学位论文ChapterThreeTheol‘eticaiFramework3．1AnBriefOverviewofAestheticsofReceptionAestheticsofReception，namely,Receptiontheory,isanewparadigmofliterarycriticismtheory。Itwasfoundonthebasisofphenomenologyandhermeneuticsandspreadwildlyandcausedaprofoundinfluenceintheworld．ThistheorywasfirstinitiatedbyHansRobertJaussattheUniversityofConstanceinSouthernGermanyinthe1960s．AnothermajorrepresentativeofthistheoryisWolfgangIserwhoestablishedthe‘‘reader-centered”receptionaesthetics．TheyhavebeenregardedasthefoundersofReceptionTheoryandcalledKonstanzSchoolintheliteraryhistory．Thisreceptiontheorytookthereaderasthemainresearchobjectofthestudy,andputtherelationshipbetweenworksandreadersontheprimacyplaceintheliterarystudies．“Reader—centered”，theprincipleofthistheory,pointedthatapieceofliteraryworkwillbemeaninglessifthereisnoreader’Sinvolvementandunderstanding；it'sunimaginablethatapieceoftranslationworkcomeoutwithouttheparticipationofthereaders(Jauss，1983"222)．Itfullyrecognizedthecreativeroleofreadersinthesignificanceandaestheticvalueofliteraryworks．Itheldthatonlybyreaders’readingpracticeshouldtheliteratureworkfulfillitsmeaningandvalue．Aestheticsofreceptiontook‘‘thetaskofseekinganewunderstandingofthehistoryofliteratureasacommunicationprocessbetweenallthreeparties，thatis，theauthor,thetextandthereader”(Jauss，1982：117—118)．InJauss’Sview,thereaderisanimportantpartintheauthor-text—readertrianglerelation．Heemphasizedthattherearemany“blanks”and“gaps”inthetext，andtheyenablethereadertojoinintheconstructionandimaginationofthetextmeaningitself．Therefore，thesignificanceofworksshouldberealizedthroughtheeffectsofwriterandreader，andthestudyofliteraryworksshouldnotbeonlyconfinedtothetext，buttorestoreitshistoricallinksfromtheconnectionbetweenworksandreaders(WangSongnian，2000)．ReceptiontheoryshiftedthesignificanceofresearchtOthereadersandthereadingactivities，whichessentiallytransformedthehorizonoftraditionalresearch“fromMarxiststotraditionalcritics，flomclassicalscholarsandmedievaliststO 太原理一人学硕十学位沦文modemspecialists”(Hulob，1984：7)．Virtually，everymethodologicalperspectiveandareaofliteraryendeavorhasrespondedtOthechallengeofreceptiontheory．Thefoundofreceptiontheoryledtothetransferofliteraryresearchcenterfromtext．centeredtoreader-centered，whichthoroughlychangedthetrendofliterarystudiesandplayedanimportantroleinthestudyonliterarytheory．Thistheoryalsohadsomelimitations．Itdeniedtheobjectivebasisofcriticismandcognitionstandards，meanwhile，emphasizingtheroleofreadersexcessively．However,wegottheenlightenmentdrivingfromtheresearchmethodsofreceptiontheory．Undertheinfluenceoftraditionalliterarytheory,previoustranslationtheorymainlyfocusedonthetextitself．TakingthereceptiontheoryintotranslationresearchmeanttOconvertsomesortofattentionoftranslationstudiesfromthetexttotheTLreader’Sreceptivity．Itremindedthetranslatortopayattentiontothereaders’statusandrolestomakesuretheproblemsthatshouldbenoticedinthetranslationandwhichstrategycouldbeadopted．(MuLei，1990)．3．2ConceptsofAestheticsofReception3．2．1HorizonofExpectationandFusionofHorizonThekeypointof“horizonofexpectation’’inaestheticsofreceptionderivesfrom“pre．understanding’’and“prejudice’’byHeideggerandGardamer．JaussacceptedprimarilytheinfluenceofHermeneuticsofGadamer．“Pre·understanding’’believesthathorizonconsistsof“Vorhabe”(先有)，“Vorsicht”(先见)and“Vorgriffe”(先识)．‘‘Prejudice’’means‘‘ajudgmentthatprecedesinquiry”．AccordingtoJauss．“aliterarywork，evenwhenitappearstobenew,doesnotpresenthimselfassomething—absolutelynewinaninformationalvacuum，butpredisposesitsaudiencetoaveryspecifickindofreceptionbyannouncements，overtandcovertsignals，familiarcharacteristics，orimplicitillusions”(Jaussl982：23)．Itwasthemostimportantpartinhistheory,justasheacclaimedthatthe“horizonofexpectations”shouldbethecornerstoneofaestheticsofreception．ReaderswouldreorganizetheirpastreadingexperiencetOhorizonwhentheymeteachnewtext，formingthebasicoutlineofliteratureevolutionintheirmind． 太原理I．人。jj：硕十。学f寸论文Readersjexperiencesmainlycoverontheirideology，aesthetictendency?literaryhabits，culturalbackground，socialandeducationalbackgroundaswellasthereceptiveability．Theseexperienceshavealreadyexistingintheirmindandbeenconsideredasthehorizonofexpectationofreaders．Therefore，duringtheprocessofreading，theselectionoftranslationworks，translationstrategiesaswellasthetranslationwordsallneedtobecenteredwiththeimpliedreaders’horizonofexpectation，inordertoaccordwiththereaders’readinghabitsandmeettheirexpectation．InJauss’Sview,aworkwithoutparticipationofreaders’responsewaslifeless，SOwasthetranslation．Therefore，thetranslatorshouldhavesufficientknowledgeaboutthehorizonofhis／herTLreaders，includingtheirhistoryandculturalbackground，aswellastheirthinkingmodeandaestheticpreference．What’Smore，thetranslatorshouldtakethereaders’receptivityintoconsiderationandselecttheappropriatetranslationstrategies．Anotherimportantprincipleofreceptiontheorywasfusionofhorizon．Onlythehorizonofexpectationsofreadersmixedtogetherwithliteratureitself,canweconsiderthereceptionandunderstandingofthework．WhentranslatorconveyedtheoriginaltoTLreader,the‘‘fusionofhorizon”intranslationisrealized．Thereader’Shorizonofexpectationwasnotimmutableandfrozen，itvariedfrompersontoperson，andcontinuedtodevelopwiththechangingtime．Therefore，thewriterortranslatorshouldtakecontemporaryreader’Shorizonofexpectation，aestheticinterestandreceptivityintoaccountintheliteraryworks3．2．2IndeterminacyoftheTextIserclaimedthattheliteraryworkhastwopoles：theartisticthatreferredtOtheauthor’Soriginalandtheaestheticreferredtotherealizationaccomplishedbyreadec(ZhuGang，2001-16)．Itemphasizedtheinteractionbetweenthereaderandthetext．Heclaimedthat‘‘meaningisnotcontainedinthetextitself,butratherisgeneratedduringthereadingprocess．Itisneitherpurelytextualnortotallysubjective．．．buttheresultofaninteractionbetweenthetwo”(Iser，1978：123)．Becauseofreaders’variousreceptionanddifferentagesofwork，differentreaderscanachievedifferent7 太原理I：人学硕十学位论文interpretationandrecreatedifferentworksofthesametext．ThisisjustasIser’Sopinion：theextentofourparticipationandthedegreeofthework’Sdeterminacydefinethetypeoftextwithwhichwearedealing(Selden，1993：329)．Thus，meaningofatextisalwaysinchangingandexistsinthefusionprocessoftheinteractionbetweenthetextandthereaderThetextcontainedindeterminacyneededtobesettledbythereader．Thisconceptconstitutedthe“response—invitingstructure”ofliterarytext．Itmadethetranslatorfulfillthe‘‘blanks’’and‘‘gas’’inthetextforthereaderandupdatetheirhorizonofexpectation．Themeaningofliterarytranslationshouldbefulfilledbyoriginalauthor’Screationaswellasthetranslator’Srecreation．3．3RelationshipbetweentheTranslatorandtheReader3．3．1TheReader’SPrimaryRoleinReceptionTranslationiscomposedoforiginal，translator,translationtextandreader．Fromthereceptiontheory,werealizethatthereadersarenotpassiveacceptorinreading，buttOreconstructitactively．Translatorshouldnotonlybetheoriginalreaders，i．e．therecipient，butalsotheoriginalinterpreter,namelycreator．ThestartingpointanddestinationoftheworkshouldbethereadersinTranslation，andaversioncouldnothaveanymeaningandvaluewithoutthereader’Sappreciation．Thereadingactivitiesandreceptivityofthereaderplayaprimaryroleintheprocessoftranslation．Fromtheaspectofthereader,readingisaprocesscomposedbyfeelingandcreation，anditisalsofullofreader’Spredictionandexpectation．Inthecourseoftheirexpectation，thevalueofworkswillberealized(HuJingzhi，WangYuechuan，1994：344)．Therearemany“blanks”and“indeterminacies”inliterarytext．Thereadersfilltheseblanksbyusingtheirimaginationandconcretizedtheseindeterminaciestofulfillthetext．Theythinkpositivelyandmakejudgmentforthedemonstrationofthetext，reconstructingthemeaningintheirreading．Theversionisnotonlythecontributionofthetranslator,butthecommonshareofboththetranslatorandthereader．Therefore，wecansaythatthereadersplayaprimaryroleintranslation． 太原理I‘人学硕‘}：学何论文3．3．2TheTranslatorinReceptionAtranslatorisalsoareaderoforiginal．Nomatterthereadingpracticeorthetranslation，thesamegoalisjustreproducetheauthor’Sintention．Differenttranslatorswithdifferentpurposesandhorizonscreatedifferentversions．Theyshouldtakethereaders’receptionintoaccounttoassurethereadabilityoftheversion．Intraditionaltheory，translationmeanttoexpresstheoriginalcompositioninanotherlanguage．Justastheshowinfigure1Fi蜀are1Thisprocessoftranslationmadepeoplestudyonthetranslator’Sinvisibilityinordertomakethetargetlanguagebeeninoriginalflavor．Receptiontheoryregardedthetranslationasakindofreading(XiaZhongyi，1998)．Translatorshouldbethereaderfirstly,andhe／shereprocessedtheblanksandindeterminaciesinthetextwithhis／herimaginationandpre—understandinginordertomakethetextconcrete(LvJun，1994)．Inthetranslationandreconstructionprocess，thetranslatorputhis／herownemotionalexperienceandlifeexperience，etc．inthetext．Fromthisperspective，essentialtodistinguishthetextintothefirstandsecondtext．Thefirsttextisoriginalworks，andthesecondtextistheaestheticobjectrelatedtothetranslatordirectly．Pleaseseethefigure2Figure2Accordingtothefigure，wecouldfindthatthetranslationisnotbasedontheoriginal，butthesecondtextwhichproducedilltranslator’Smind．Becauseofthe 太原理I：人学硕+：学位论文translator’Sdifferenceonperceptionandacceptation，he／shewillproducevarioussecondtextandthetranslatedtextscouldnotbeidentical．Forthesakeofthereader’Sprimaryrole，thetranslatorsmustconsidertheTLreader’Scultureandhorizonofexpectationinthecourseoftranslationtoformthesecondtextintheirmind．Meanwhile，translatorsshouldadoptdiverseproperstrategiestocorrespondingreadersfromtheirperspectiveandfinishthetranslatedtextatlast．3．3．3TheRelationshipbetweentheTranslatorandtheReadersAccordingtoabovediscussionoftranslatorandreadersinreceptiontheory,itcouldbefoundthatreadershavedirectinfluenceonthetranslationprocess，SOthetranslatorhastoconsidertheTLreadersandmakesthemunderstandthetranslationworkinbetterway．Onlythereadersacceptandappreciatethetranslationwork，canitissuccessfiflandvaluable．Therefore，intranslationprocess，TLreaderisanimportantparttobeconsideredbytranslator．TheTLreaders’horizonofexpectations，includingtheirideology,aesthetictendencyandexperiences，literaryhabits，cultural，socialandeducationalbackgroundaswellasthereceptiveability,haveagreatinfluenceonthetranslatorsandmakethemadjusttheirstrategiesandmethodsaccordinglyintranslation．3．4ApplicationofAestheticsofReceptioninTranslationStudies．Aestheticsofreceptionrecognizedthesubjunctiveroleofreaderintheliterarytranslationandgaveanewperspectiveforthetranslationstudy．Essentially,literarytranslationisakindofaestheticactivity，anditisaprocessofcreativeunderstandingandexpressionthroughallthestages．Thetranslator,throughoutthisprocess，notonlyservesasthespecialreaderoforiginal，butalsotheelucidatorandre·creatoroftheliterature．SomepointsofreceptionaestheticshavereflectedinChina．Consideringthepartofreader’Sreception，MaoDunhadhispointearlyin1954．Hestatedthatlitermytranslationshouldmakethereadershavesamefeelingofinspiration，affectionandbeautyastheyreadtheoriginal(LuoXinzhang，1984：511)．Soonafterin1989，Wu20 太原理l‘人’孚：硕十学何沦文Chizhedemonstratedthepointof“translationisrecl‘eation”andclearedthatl’eceptiontheorycouldhelpUSto“opentheliteraturetranslationperspective(WuChizhe，1989)．Eventhough，theearlieststudyaboutreceptiontheoryappliedintranslationbelongedtOYangWunenginhisRecyclingofInterpretation，ReceptionandRe—c肥口ffD刀(阐释、接受与再创造的循环)inl987．Soonlater,ZhuLiyuanwrotehismonographReceptionAestheticsinI989，andthisbookwasregardedasaprominentmilestoneofreceptionaestheticsresearchinChina．Inthisbook，hetalkedaboutthefollowingviewpoints：thereweretwoimportantaspectsofpresentworkintheprocessofdeepresearchonreceptiontheory．First，weshouldstrivetomakereceptiontheorytobeadiscipline；second，weshouldstrivetousethebasicthought，conceptandmethodtopracticeofliterarycriticismandresearchetc．Overthefollowing25years，thereweremanyrelatedpaperspublished，andallofthemhadtheirowncharacteristicsandemphasis．BianJianhua(2005)discussedtherationalizationandlimitationofapplyingtheoryofliteraryreceptiontoliterarytranslationcriticismbymakinganappreciativeanalysisofanexampleofcharacterdescriptiontakenfromthreeChinesetranslationsofTessoftheD’Urbervillesinhispaper．HeheldthattheliteraryreceptiontheoryprovidedUSwithamoreopenperspectiveintranslationcriticism，butthatifwefollowedthistheorycompletelyandregardedliterarytranslationasthetranslator’Ssubjectiveaction，wewouldinevitableleadtoidealismandtheoreticalerrors．In2006，HuKaibaopointedthatreceptiontheorywasnecessarilyrelevanttotranslationstudies．However,thereweredifferencesbetweentranslationandreceptionoftexts，alsobetweenthetranslatorandthereader．Therefore，receptiontheorycannotbeappliedintranslationstudiesmechanically(HuKaibao，HuShirong，2006)．WeiXiaohong(2009)analyzedthetranslationoffuzzylanguageinliteratureanddiscussedhowtoreproducetheaestheticelementsinliterarytranslation．Literarytranslationwasnotonlyakindoflanguagecreationjbutalsoakindofaestheticcreation．Asthetranslator，he／shecoulduseimaginationtofulfillthetranslationtextthroughhis／herownaestheticexperienceononehand．What’Smore，thetranslationtextneededtoberetainedandembodiedthefuzzinessof、theoriginal，whichenabledthereaderstOenjoytheimaginaryspaceoforiginalasbI-aspossible 太原理，l：人学硕十学位论文Accordingtoaboveresearch，wecanfindthatreceptiontheorygivesmuchinspirationtothetranslationstudies．Itemphasizesthetranslator’Sprincipalstatusastherecipientofinformationinthetranslationprocess．Meanwhile，ithighlightsthereader’Sreferencepositionandholdsthattranslationtextshouldtakethereactionofthereadersintoaccount．22 太原理一人学硕十学何沦文ChapterFourTheManifestationofHowardGoldblatt’SViewTranslationin一7一TotemVlew0111ranW01110lForagoodstandardoftranslation，Goldblattregardsthefirstthingoftranslationshouldbe‘‘Fidelity”onbothoriginalandtranslation．Thetranslationcouldnotbetotallysamewiththeoriginalone，becausethetranslatorwouldmakesome“belay’’intheprocessoftranslationinordertoobtainasmoothandgracefultranslation．Inaddition，thereareagreatmanypartsofcreationandrewritingintranslation．4．1FidelityandBetrayAfaithfultranslationattemptstoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoforiginalwithintheconstraintsofthetargetlanguagegrammaticalstructures．It‘transfers’culturalwordsandpreservesthedegreeofgrammaticalandlexical‘abnormality’(deviationfromSLnorms)inthetranslation．Itattemptstobecompletefaithfultotheintentionsandthetext—realizationoftheSLwriter(Newmark，2001)．Therefore，whatthetranslatorhastodoistointerpretsimilarthoughtsandfeeling，butnottoachieveitattheexpenseofbreakingtheuniquestyleoforiginal．Inotherwords，thetranslatorshouldkeeptheoriginalstyleofwritingWithagoodcommandonbothChineseandEnglishlanguages，HowardhascomprehendedtheoriginalverywellandconveyedthemeaningofthenovelfaithfullyinfluentEnglish．Fidelityoftranslationcouldbefaithfultosuperficialmeaningandprofoundmeaning．Theformeronecouldbereachedbyusingdifferentexpressiononthebasisoforiginal，whilethelatterrequiresthetranslatorunderstandtheoriginalmeaningdeeply．Itisthefirstprincipleintranslation．HowardGoldblatthasusedakindofsimpleandunadornednarrationtoconsistentwiththecontemporarycruelandhardenvironmentingrasslandaswellasthecomplexrelationshipbetweenwolfandtheMongolian．Example1OriginalVersion以后咱得像狼一样，尽掣．减少常规打法，要趔±工矗l塑!!丛基4：萋、崖壁圭工扛!±工扛篮壁、 太原理．【：人学硕十学位论文盐史壅胜!量憝盐!丕金基选!但．堡猩送丕剑趣垡!堕丕胜堕。(JiangRong，76)TargetVersion：Sofromnowon，weneedtobemorelikethewolvesandabandonconvectionaltactics．Wehunt—w———h——e——n————a——n——d————w———h——e——r——e———w———e————f—e——e—llikeitandtakethembysurprise,stoppinlz!101垒地i!曼，!h曼塾h坠世i坠g墨Q!坠曼堡Qre，winningthefightbybeingrandomandunpredictable．Thatwaythewolveswon’tbeabletospotpattemsandcannotguardagainstUS．(Goldblatt，106)Example2OriginalVersion：打仗没耐性哪成。天下的机会只给有耐性的入和兽，只有耐性的行家才能瞅准机会⋯⋯光靠狼的狠劲还不成，还得考狼的耐性⋯⋯没耐性就不是狼，不是猎人，不是成吉思汗。(JiangRong，19)Wardependsonpatience．Opportunitiespresentthemselvesonlytothepatient，manandbeaSt．andonlytheytakeadvantageofthoseopportunities⋯⋯Displayingonlythepowerofwolvesisn’tenough．Youmustalsodisplaypatience⋯⋯Withoutpatience，youarenotawolf,youarenotahunter,andyouarenotGenghisKhan．(Goldblatt，24)Thefirstcaseusesaseriesofverbstoshowtheherdsmen’Shuntingmethodtocatchthewolf．Originalversionappliesfourcharacterstructurestoshowtheactionsofwolfhunting．Intargetversion，Goldblattdividesthemintothreestagesasabovemarkedunderlining，usingthreeparticipialstructuresandanadverbialclauseledby“when’’and“where”tOshowthisseriesofactions．Thesecondcasestressesthewolves’“patience’’repeatedlyinordertoexpressthewolves’inspirit．Thewolvesstarethegazellesforwholenight，waitingpatientlyandkeepingtheirhungerandappetiteincheck，justtoraidthemattherighttimewithease．Sothe‘‘patience”isthekeypoint．Goldblattseizestheoriginalwriter’Sintention，thatistohighli曲tthenatureofwolvesandBilly’Sadmiretowardsthem．BetrayisanothercharacterinGoldblatt’StranslationthathementionedinTheWritingrife：‘：WemustthanktheItaliansforremindingUSthateverytranslationisa24 太原理l：人学硕十。学位论文betrayal”(HowardGoldblatt，2002)．Itactuallyemergesfromthefactthatitwasimpossibleforthetranslationandtheoriginaltobecompletelyequivalent．Notranslationcouldconsistwiththeoriginalcompletely．Intranslationprocess，thetranslators，asthefirstreadeLwouldputtheirownexperienceandknowledgeinitandcombinethemwiththetranslation．Therefore，theprocessoftranslationwouldinevitablyrelatetomodification．Example3OriginalVersion：张继原越听越来劲，忍不住插话说：我当了两年马倌，经常看到狼抓鼠，追的尘土飞扬。狼抓黄鼠比狗还要有本事。狼抓黄鼠一是靠趟，狼经常到黄鼠最多的草地里⋯．⋯狼是草原上挖洞高手，狼一见大黄鼠钻进洞里，几条狼就合伙挖洞守洞，不一会就能把一窝黄鼠全挖出来吃掉。，乌力吉说：母狼和小狼最喜欢抓鼠吃。小狼断奶以前，母狼要教小狼抓活物，也是先教小狼抓鼠⋯⋯所以小狼长大还没长大的时候，母狼就得把小狼带到远离人畜的地方。(JiangRong，184)TargetVersion：ZhangJiyuan，caughtupinthediscussion，feltaneedtoaddhisviews．“I’vebeentendinghorsefortwoyearsnow’andI’vewatchedwolvescatchsquirrels，sendingdirtflying．They’rebetteratitthandogs．Groundsquirrelsarethefavoritesoffemalewolvesandtheircubs．Beforetheyoungonesareweaned，theirmothersteachthemhowtohunt，beginningwithgroundsquirrels⋯．⋯，whichiswhythefemalewilltakeheryoungasfarfromhumanhabitationaspossible，wherethey’resafe．”(HowardGoldblatt，253)ThisoriginaldialoguehappenedbetweenUljiiandZhangJiyuan，butin肋矿‘Totem，GoldblattmodifiedtheconstructionandcontentPerhapsGoldblattconsiderSthatZhangJiyuanhaswitnessedthewolves’catchingofsquirrelsbefore，SOitispersuasivetotreathimastheinterpreter．However，theauthorinthisthesisconsideredthatitdoesnotconsideritinreasonableway．Thisdialoguebelongstochapterseventeeninthenovel，andthewholechaptertalksaboutthegrassland，wolvesandtheirrelationshipwhichweremainlygivenbyUljii，aMongols，whoisanexpertofwolfandgrassland．ButZhangJiyuaninthenovelisaneducatedyouth，andhisWOI‘dsinthisexamplealsobelongtOallinter‘posedremarkofUljii．Soitshouldbe25 太原理．1：人学硕士学位论文bettertotranslatethiscontentaccordingtotheoriginalmeaning．Intranslation，thetranslatorsshouldunderstandtheoriginalwriter’Sthoughtandwritingbackgroundfirstly,andthentransferthemintoanotherlanguagetoreproducetheoriginaltoafaithfulandnaturaltranslation．Therefore，“fidelity’’shouldbepursuedconstantlybytranslator．Becauseofthedifferentcultureandreadinghabits，‘‘betrayal”isanecessarymethodintranslation．Sowecouldsaythat“betrayal’’intranslationshouldbeusedtoconveytheoriginaltotheTLreadersfaithfully．4．2CreativityandRewritingDuetothedifferenceoftimeandspaceaswellasthereaders’differentsocialbackgroundandeducationallevel，translatorshoulddosomecreationintranslation，makingthenoveltobeacceptedandunderstandingmoreeasilybyreaders．Manyscholarsregardedthetranslationasakindofcreation．ZhengZhenduooncegaveanopiniontowardstheliterarytranslation：“aliterarytranslation，likecreatingaliteraryworks，hasthesameroleinpeople’Ssupremeinspirit'’(ChenFukang，2000：218)．Mr．GuoMoruoalsopresented“translationisakindofcreativework”．Agoodtranslationshouldbeequaltoakindofcreation，orevensurpassesit．Itisnotamediocreworkbecauseitismoredi衢cultthancreation．"(ChenFukang，2000：263)．AsanoutstandingtranslatoLGoldblaRoncepointedthatthetheme，storyandstructureofWolfTotemallbelongedtoauthor,butwordsandsentencesbelongedtohim．ThatwasbecausethelanguageofChineseandEnglishwereunequalandinconsistent”．Soheshouldadjusthiswordsandsentencescorrespondingly．Example4OriginalVersion：包顺贵特别交代了任务：如果狼群公道羊群旁边就开大手电筒，不准点爆竹，让你们家的狗缠住狼．(JiangRong，289)TargetVersion：Thegiftwasaccompaniesbyaspecialtask：‘‘Flashthislightifwolvesgetclosetothesheep；insteadofusingfirecrackers，letyourdogstakethemon．”(Goldblatt，26 太原理f：人学硕十学何沦文———————————————————————————————————————————一—————————————————————————————————————一——380)Example5OriginalVersion：一理!自业幺篚扛仝太胜筮I。就是只杀了一两条母狼也算胜利。牧民们都说今天夜里母狼准来，他们都要我毙了小狼，把小狼扒了皮挂起来，g把狼PNNmNNN，让母狼全死了心。可我不同意。我跟他们说，我就怕狼不来，届型!猩苤王i态筮!这扭金土婴蓝塑。(JiangRong，289)TargetVersion：WhereareyougoingtofindabetteropportunitytolurewolvesthanwithoneoftheiroWncubs?Thistimewe’11turnthetablesonthem．(Goldblatt，380)Example6OriginalVersion：两年来，老人的全家已经把他当作这个家庭的一员⋯(JiangRong，16)TargetVersion：ForChen，OldManBilgee’tyurtwaslikeatribalchief’Sheadquarterswherehebenefitedfromhishost’Sguidanceandconcern；itwasasafeandintimaterefuge．Therehewastreatedasamemberofthefamily；(Goldblatt，20)Fromtheabovetranslation，itcouldbefoundthatGoldblattnotonlyusesdifferentwordsandexpressionsinhistranslation，butalsorecombinsthesentencesstructure．Thesubjectofsentenceinoriginalversionofexample4is“刨颐贵”whoassignsthetask，whileintargetversion，thissentencechangesintopassivestructure·Thisexpressionmakesthewholeparagraphcloserandmorefluent．Thetargetversionofexample5changesthesequenceofsentencesanddeletessomecontentswhichwerebrutalandbloodysinceitcouldbemoreacceptedbywesternreaders．Asforthelastexample．itisfoundthatthesentence“ForChen，OldManBilgee’tyurtwaslikeatribalchief，sheadquarterswherehebenefitedfromhishost’Sguidanceandconcel-n；itwasasafeandintimaterefuge’’belongstoitspreviousparagraphinoriginal，and‘‘therehewastreatedasamemberofthefamily’’isthestartofnextparagl‘aph．Butintranslation，Goldblattrecombinesthemintooneparagraphbecause77 太原理一f：人学硕十学位论文theyexpressthesamemeanings，andthiskindofstructuremakesthetranslationmorelogical．Goldblattalsosaid“theoriginalauthoriswritingforChinese，butIamtranslatingforforeigner．Sotranslationisarewritingprocess”(SunJingxin，2012)．InhisessayofTheWritingLife，henoted“it’Sbeenmyexperiencethatmostwritersatleasttoleratethemenandwomengiventhetaskofrewriting·-··forthatissurelythenatureoftranslation—theirworkintootherlanguages”(HowardGoldblatt，2002)．So，inhispointofview,hethoughttranslationshouldberewriting，whichembodiedthecreativityoftranslators．Forinstance，Goldblatttranslated“人生得意须尽欢”inMoyan’STheRepublicofIJ碍newim“Anybodywhodoesn’t“Ill(doesn’tdeservetobecalledaman'’．“人生得意须尽欢”，averseofLiBaiinTangDynasty,meansthatpeopleshouldenjoythemselvesingoodtime．InMoyan’Snovel，thisverseisusedtourgeotherstodrink．Goldblattuseshisownwordstoexpressitsdeepmeaningwithouttranslatingitdirectly．InWolfTotem，“长生天”hasbeentranslatedas“Wiseandpowerfulheaven”．TheMongolianstreatthe‘'heaven”astheireternalspirit，SO“wise’’and‘‘powerful’’couldconveytheattitudeoftheMongolian’Sadmiration，worshipandrespect，whichconvincingadmiretowardstheEnglishreaders．Example7OriginalVersion：可是狗的毛病，正好不合孔子定的老规矩：一是孔子教人要有礼貌，好客尊客。可是狗见了生人，不管是穷人富人，老人孩子，亲朋好友，还是远道来的尊贵客人，冲上去就乱吼乱咬，让讲究礼仪的汉人觉得很失礼、很丢面子、很生气；二是孔子教人男女不能乱来乱伦乱搞，要是乱搞，就会受到严厉的处罚。可是狗呢，狗不管是自己兄弟姐妹、还是父女、母子，都可以乱搞乱配。汉人就害怕了，恨透了，怕人跟狗学坏；三是孔子教人要穿得干净，吃得也要干净。可是狗喜欢吃人屎，这真让汉人讨厌恶心透了。还有一点是汉人里面穷人养狗的少，穷人连自己都吃不饱，哪有粮食喂狗。可是富人就能养狗看家护院，还经常放狗出来咬穷人，也让大多数穷人恨狗。所以汉人骂狗、杀狗吃狗肉也就不奇怪了，而且吃过狗肉的人都说狗肉很香。汉人说猪可以杀吃，羊可以杀吃，为什么狗就不可以杀吃?这些都是人养的牲畜嘛⋯⋯(JiangRong，140一1411TargetVersion：28 太原理T人学硕十。子：何论文ThebiggestproblemwithdogsisthattheydonotfollowtheConlhcianrulesofbehavior．Theybarkatstt‘angers，violatingourrulesofhospitality；theyareincestuous；andtheyeathumanfeces．(Goldblatt，197)Theoriginaluses363wordstoexpressHan’SattitudestowarddogaccordingtoConfucianinthehistory，butGoldblattonlyrewritesitwith33words．Inhistranslationprocess，heunderstandtheoriginalmeaningdeeply，completelyeliminatingthestructureandcontentoftheoriginal，andthenrewritingthisparagraphinhisOWnwords．ItmakestheTLreadersunderstanditclearlyataglance．Sotranslationisamoreadvancedstageofwriting．DuringthetranslationprocessofWogTotem，HowardGoldblatttakestheEnglishreaders’readinghabits，culturalbackgrounds，comprehensionabilitiesandaestheticrequirementsintoaccount·Hehasmademanvcreationsinhistranslationforhisclearpurpose．‘‘Atranslator,withagreatresponsibility,shouldberesponsiblefortheauthor,thetext，andthereader．Butthemostimportantistobeworthyofthereader，nottheauthor’’(JiJing，2009)．Thismavbetheprimarycauseofcreationthatproducedintranslationfromthereader’SperspectivebyHowardGoldblatt．AccordingtOreceptiontheory，thetranslatorshouldbethereaderfirst，thentobethetranslator．Duringthereadingoforiginal，thetranslatorwillputtheirc。pre—understanding”onthetextandconcretetheblanksandindeterminatefactorsbymeansofimagination．Fromthispointofview,itisakindof“reconstruction’’and‘‘psychologicalprocessing，transformationandinnovation”activity．Inotherword，itisarecreationoftext(LvJun，1994)．Sotranslationisnotasimpleintermediatecode—switching，buttocreativityandrewritingtotheoriginalasthecenterofreaders·29 太原理I：人学硕+学位论文30 太原理l：人学硕十学位论文ChapterFiveReaders’InfluenceonHowardGoldblatt’STranslationinWolfTotemLiterarytranslationisnotonlyatransformationactivityofdifferentlanguage，butalsoakindofartisticrecreation．Itcarriesanactivityofcross·culturalcommunication，whichisresponsiblefortheculturecommunicationandmutualexchanges．InGoldblatt’STheWritingLife，hequotedGoethe’Sreviewofliterarytranslationas‘‘oneofthemostimportantanddignifiedenterprisesinthegeneralcommerceoftheworld”(Goldblatt，2002)．WolfTotemisoneofhisimportantliterarytranslations．Thischapterwillanalyzesitfromtheperspectiveofaestheticsofreception．5．1InfluenceonChoiceofTranslationObjectWolfTotemvivdlydescribesthesurvivalsitutationofwolvswiththeirreconnaissance，encirclementandambushinInnerMongoliagrassland．Westernreadersarefamiliarwiththistypeofnovels．suchasTheCalloftheWildbyJackLondon，Mob),DickbyHermanMelvilleandTheOldManandtheSeabyErnestMillerHemingway．Therefore，thisthemecouldmeetthewesternreaders’“horizonofexpectation”．Inaddition，thisnovelreflectstheconceptofglobalmainstreamviewonecologicalprotectionandharmonybetweenmanandnaturewhichcouldgettheglobalreaders’resonanceinthought．Therefore，theappropriateobjectselectionplaysanimportantroleintranslationtextacception．5．2InfluenceonChoiceofTranslationStrategiesBeforetheprocessoftranslating，thetranslatorswouldhavetheirownimaginationoftheoriginalandassumeanimaginableconversationbetweenthetextandthereadersintheirmind．TheymaypredicttheTLreaders’horizon—of-expectationandtaketheircultureandsocietybackgroundaswellastheaestheticfeelingintoaccount．Asamemberofreaders，thetranslatorwouldchooset}leappropriatestrategiesandadjustthetranslationtextaccordinglytomeetthe一reader’Sdemand．Inordertotransformthe1]ewconceptfromunfamiliarcultureinto 太原理l：人学硕十学位论文theunderstandablepresentationtOtheTLreaders，GoldblatthasusedhisownstrategiestothetranslationofWolfTotem．ManywordsandphrasesinWolfTotemconcernaboutculture，custom，history,andSOon．Thesecontentsareunfamiliarwiththeforeignerreaders．Therefore，Goldblaashouldsatisfythereaders’horizonofexpectation，andatthesametime，fillthegapsandblanksbetweenforeignandChineseculture．Therefore，foreignizationhasbeenusedalotintranslation，suchasthewordsaboutChineseRevolution，ChinesehistoryandtheMongolian’Scultureasabovementioned．Foreignizationcouldkeeptheoriginaltasteandstyle，introducingnewculturalconceptstoforeignlanguage．Itnotonlycanmeetthewesternreaders’culturalpsychologicalexpectations，butalsoprolongtheaestheticprocess．Throughtheforeignizationstrategy,thisEnglishversionofWo够TotemspreadtheMongolianandChinesecultureandpromotethecommunicationbetweenChineseandwesternworld．Moreover,LangTutengalsoinvolvesalargeamountofmaterialandculturalwordswithMongoliancharacteristicswhicharedifficulttofindthecorrespondingexpressioninEnglish．Toomuchunfamiliarinformationintranslatedtextwillcausethereaders’senseofdistancetotheoriginalworkandincreasetheirdifficultyofreading．Therefore，domesticationshouldbeusedintranslationtoclosethedistancebetweentheWesternreadersandworks，SOthatitwouldnotaffectthereaders’aestheticreadingforthoseovermuchstrangecontents．Forinstance，“奶豆腐”，“手把肉”，“袁大头银元”inWolfTotemhavebeentranslatedinto“cheese”，“fattymeat”and“silvercoin”basedonthereaders’familiarexpression．“聚宝盆”inoriginaltextreferstoaplacethatfulloftreasureandresource．ItoriginatesfromaChineseFolkTales．Duringthetranslationprocess，Goldblattreplaceditwith“Cornucopia”whichisoriginatedfromGreekmythologyandfamiliarwiththewesternreaders．Thesetwoimageshavesamemeaning，but“Cornucopia'’couldbetterarousethewesternreaders’resonating．OvermuchForeignizationusedintranslationwouldmakethetranslatedtextfarbeyondthereaders’horizonofexpectationsanddifficulttOunderstand；whileovermuchdomesticationcouldmakethereadershaveasenseofdisappointmentand32 太原理I：人学硕十学何沦文losttheirreadinginterest．Therefore，Goldblatthasappliedthempropm‘lyintranslationofWolfTotem，conveyingtheunfamiliarfactorsofthesourcelanguageculturetotheTLreadersintheiracceptablerangeasmuchaspossible5．3InfluenceonGoldblatt’SConsiderationforReadersinTranslationFromthereceptiontheory,werealizethatthereadersarepositiveinthereconstructionoftheworks．Productionandreceptionofanyworkshasitshistoryculturebackgroundadaptedtocontemporaryhistory,nottomentionthetranslation．Therefore，thedifferencesofculturebetweenChineseandtargetlanguagewillcausemanydifferencesintranslation．Generallyspeaking，aversioncouldnothaveanyvaluewithoutthereaders’reception．Sothetranslatorsmakesomecreationforreaders，andtheydohopetheirworkCanbeappreciated．Thenwecouldsaythevalueandreceptionoftranslatedtextcouldbeachievedbybothtranslatorandreader．HowardGoldblattgivesfullconsiderationtotheTLreadersbecausehethinksthatthemostimportantvalueoftheworksshouldberesponsibleforthereader．Intheprocessoftranslation，hehadtoconstantlyadjusthisownhorizonofexpectationandmakeitfusedtomeettheTLreaders’needs．Inthefollowingpart，detailsstudieswouldbegiventoHowardGoldblatt’SabouthisconsiderationonTLreadersfromculture，languagehabits，comprehensionabilityandaestheticrequirements．5．3．1ConsiderationforReadersOUCultureAsacross—culturalcommunication，thetranslationisnotonlyalanguageconversionprocess，butalsoaprocessofculturaltransplantation．Thetranslator,asthesubjectofthisprocess，shouldbeproficientinbothofsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage，moreover,thoroughlyunderstandtheculturewhichreflectsthroughtheirdifferentculture．Besidestheircorrectunderstandingoftheoriginalmeaning，thetranslatorsalsoneedtomaketheTLreadersunderstandtheconnotationofthetranslationandabsorbtheculturalnutritionoftheoriginalasmuchaspossible(LiGuolin，1997)5．3．1．1ConsiderationforReadersonCultureBackground 太原理l：人学硕～}=。学位论文———————————-—J———————————-——————————_—————————————————————————————————_————————————————————-———一——————_——————_——————————————————————__————————————————————————————————一DifferentculturehasitsvariousbackgroundsthatcausethetranslationmodificationtomeettheTLreaders．Chinaisamultinationalcountryandithasmorethanfivethousandyearsculture．Itvariesfromtheothercounties，whichcausestheblanksofculturalunderstandingandcommunication．Inordertofillthiskindofblanks，Goldblatttrieshisbesttomakethelanguageacceptableandunderstandablebywestemreaders．Becausethisnoveltookplaceunderthebackgroundof“CulturalRevolution”inInnerMongoliainChina，GoldblattmakesanoteatthebeginningofthetranslationtexttogiveanexplanationandwholesceneaboutpoliticalbackgroundandenvironmentbackgroundtotheTLreaders．Inthistranslationtext，Goldblattmodifiesandinterpretestheculturalcontentscorrespondinglyaccordingtothereader’Sculturalbackgroundknowledge．Example8OriginalVersion：陈阵终于松了口气，这次事故的责任总算能够勾销了。(JiangRong，239)TargetVersion：Hebreathedasighofrelief．Theirscrewupwasn’tgoingtogettheminhotwateraftera11．(Goldblatt，322)Inthisexample，“事故”indicatesthatChenzhenandDorjiabandontheirsheepflockandallowthewolfeatlambinordertocatchthewolfandtradesheepforit．Atthattime，suchbehaviorwasextremelyseriousanditwaslikelytobe“politicized”．ChenzhenandDorjimaygetinabigtroublebecauseofthismistake．So“事故”and“责任”inexample8arenotordinary“accident”and“responsibility”，andthereaderswhodonotfamiliarwiththeculturebackgroundcannotunderstandthedeepmeaningandimplicationofit．GoldblattconsidersforTLreaders’backgroundknowledgeinhistranslation，using“screwup’’and“hotwater'’tOhelpreader’understanding．BesidesthispoliticizedcultureintheWolfTotem，thehistoricalculturaldifferencesalsoneedtobeconsidered．Likethetranslationof“dog”inexample7．BecauseofthedifferentviewbetweenChineseandWesterner,theyhavedifferentfeelingtoward“dog”．InChineseculture，“dog”isalwaysadespised，cursedobject，34 太原理l?人学硕十’、≯何沦文andalotofWOI，dsabout：。dog’’inChinesecontextarefullofderogatm‘Ysense，suchas“狗仗人势”，“狼心狗肺”．IthasalreadyexistedintheearlyperiodofConfuciusinSpringandAutumn．Butinwesternculture，“dog’’alwaysberegardedasagoodfriend，evenamemberofwholefamily，SOmostoftheseslangsconcernedwith‘‘dog’’arepositiveorneutral，suchas‘‘luckydog’’，‘‘lovemelovemydog’’．SoGoldblattmakessomemodificationandomissionforthesebadwordsabout“dog’’toavoidculturalconflict．TherearealsosomewordsaboutChinesecharacteristic．Inordertotransfertheoriginaltypes，Goldblatttranslatesitwithitspronunciationdirectly．Example9OriginalVersion：一个多月后的一天，他随老人去80多里外的场部领取学习文件，顺便采购了一些日用品。(JiangRong，4)TargetVersion：Onedayslightlymorethanamonthafterhisarrival，heandtheoldmanweresenttoheadquarters，someeightyli，tofetchstudymaterialsandpurchasedailynecessities．(Goldblatt，2)“里’’isalinearmeasureinChinawhichreferstofivehundredkilometers，butthereisnocon'espondingunitsinEnglish．Intargetversion，ithasnotbeenconveIrtedtothefamiliarunitofTLreaderslike‘‘mile’’or‘‘kilometer'’whichiswellknowninwestemworldsinceitcannotreflecttheChinesecharacteristics．Goldblattuses“li”withthesamepronunciationoftheoriginalwordtoconveytheChineseculture．Inaddition，hemakesitsexplanationinGlossaryattheendofthenovelas“aboutonethirdofaU．S．mile”whichgivesaclearmeaningtOtheTLreaders．5．3．1．2ConsiderationforReadersonCultural—loadedWordsThecultural—loadedwordsarefullofspecificculturalconnotation，loadingagreatmanyofnationalorlocalculture．Theiruniquenessandcomplexityhavebroughtmanydifficultiestothetranslation．Goldblatt’STLreadersaremainlywesternreaders，especiallythereaderswhodonotknowaboutChineseCulture．What’Smore，somewesternreaderswhoareleal’ningSOUl‘celanguageI’eadhistranslationasall35 太原理T人学硕十学位论文assistantforleaningChineseLanguageandculture．Sothecultural—loadedwordsneedtoconveythesourcelanguagemeaningcorrectlytOthereaders．Cultural-loadedwordsin肋矿Totemhavebeensummarizedmainlyinfouraspects．First，thewordsreflectMongoliaethniccultureandcustoms，like“hot’’and“skyburial”；Second，thewordsreflecttheCulturalRevolutioninChinainthelastcentury,like“educatedyouth”and“TheRedGuard”；Third，thewordsreflectChinesehistoryandallusion，like“YellowEmperor”and“Sun-tzu”；thefourth，thewordsaboutidiomsandproverbs．(1)Cultural-loadedwordsonMongoliaethniccultureandcustoms．ThestoryofthisnoveltookplaceinInnerMongoliaandthereweremanywordsloadedMongoliaethniccultureandcustoms．额吉Eeji毕利格Bilgee米尼乎Minihu(mychild)嘎斯迈Gasmai霍勒黑Huolehei(Mercy)伊盟Yimeng哈拉盖halagai大都Dadu布赫Buhe呼和浩特Hohhot成吉思汗GenghisKhan萨满和喇嘛(教)ShamanismandLamaismTable2ThewordsinTable2，includingappellation，geographicalnarneandreligiousbeliefs，alltranslatedfromthepronunciationoforiginalwords。Thismethodcommonlyusedintranslationofname．geographicnameanddialectpropernouns．Inaddition，Goldblattalsofusedsomenotestointerpretthemeaningofthemtohelpthereaders’understanding．大命，小命biglife，littlelife天葬theskyburialwiseandpowerful腾格里TenggerK生大．。一，．heaven36 太原理l：人学硕十’；：j何论文Table3ThenomadsinMongoliause“大命”and“小命”toexplainthelifemeaningingrassland．Intheirmind，grasslandisthesurvivalofallthenature，anditwasmorepreciousthanthesurvivalofpeople．ThisviewreflectstheMongoliapeople’Srecognitionontherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureandthestrongconsciousnessofenvironmentalprotection．SoGoldblatttranslatedthemliterallyandplusannotationtoconveysthemeaningoftheoriginalvividly．InMongolia，“旗”istheadministrativedivisionunitequivalenttoacountyinChinaproperwhile“盟”istheadministrativeregion．Goldblatttranslatedthemliterallyandmakeanexplanationintheappendixseparately．ThenewmeaningsofthesetwowordsenrichtheEnglishvocabulary．40l、Example10OriginalVersion：大队的三个爱至场已有两处弃之不用，一些牧民死后己改为汉式的±蓥。(JiangRong，TargetVersion：Twoofthethree墨kY二坠坠煎垒!groundshadalreadybeenabandoned，assomeoftheherdsmenhadadoptedtheHancustomofundergroundburial．Goldblatt，505)“天葬’’isaspecialriteofMongolian’sfuneral．People’Scorpsewouldbecarriedtoasky—burialgroundwhileeaglesorotherbeastswilldevourit．TheMongoliansbelievestheirsoulswouldbebroughttoheavenandnaturethroughthisrite．Comparatively，undergroundburialisadoptedandacceptedbymostpeople·Accordingtotheliteraltranslation，GoldblattmakestheTLreaderslearnmoreaboutthecultureandgivesthemabroadimaginationspace(2)Cultural—loadedwordsonCulturalRevolutioninChinaThehistoricalbackgroundofWolfTotemisCulturalRevolutioninChinathatisstrangeandfullofsecretstothewesternreaders．Sotherearemanywordsaboutcontemporaryeconomy，polityandeducation．Withalargenumberofthepoliticalwordsaboutcharacteristicsofthatera，thisnovelrepresentsarealfeatureaboutthe37 太原理jl：人学硕士学位论文Chinesesocietyatthattime．Meanwhile，itisalsoachallengetothetranslator．BecausemostofwesternreadershavenoideaofCulturalRevolutioninChina，itiSconsiderableforGoldblattthathowtointerpretthesecultural-loadedwordsandtransfertherealconditiontoTLreaders。Inthistranslationtext，literarytranslationismainlyappliedtoit．Forinstance：批斗criticismsession红卫兵TheRedGuard上山下乡Uptomountain，downtocountryside抓革命，促生产Grasprevolution,promoteproduction反动学术权威Reactionaryacademicauthorities三结合领导班子Thethree—in—oneleadershipbody鼓吹不是东风压倒西风，就是西风压倒东风Wepromotetheeastwindoverpoweringthewestwind，orviceverse；Besidestheliterarytranslation，Goldblaaalsoaddsexplanation，retainingtheexpressionoftheoriginalwordandconveytheinnermeaninginit．Example11OriginalVersion：这里天高皇帝远，红卫兵“礁四!旦”的狂潮还没有破到老人壁毯地毯上来。(JiangRong，16)TargetVersion：Inthisremotearea，where“heavenishighandtheemperorfaraway,’’theRedGuards’ferventdesireto亟星!!!QY!b星EQ坠!Q!鱼S—．Q!鱼i查星垒墨，鱼坠!!堕盟，堡堕墨!Q塑墨，i塑鱼—hab—its—hadnotyetclaimedBilgee’Stapestriesorrug．(Goldblatt，19)Besidestheannotationunderlinedasabove，Goldblattgivesafurtherexplanationto“Fourolds”inappendixattheendofthisversion：“DestroytheFourOlds’’wasacampaign，launchedin1966，duringwhichtheRedGuardsterrorizedthecountryside．Ifhedeletesthecontentof“Fourolds”．westernreaderswillconfusedaboutthemeaning，anditmaycausetheblankandreadingdistance．ThismethodhelpsTLreaderstOunderstandthesignificanceandconnectionofthecontext．Inaddition．inordertOmakethereadersmol’eclearaboutthispel’iodofculture，Goldblatthasmade38 太原理I。人学硕十学位沦文adetailexplanationofsomewordswhichisdifficulttounderstandinappendix，suchas“走资派capitalistroaders”，“生产队productionbrigade”，“学习班astudysession”，“三年困难时期thethreedifficultyears”and“工分workpoint”．(3)Cultural—loadedwordsonChinesehistoryandallusionManyculturalelementsrelatedtoChinesehistoryinWolfTotemarewell—knownbyChinesereaders，butthewesternreadersknownothingaboutit．Forexample：龙王爷DragonKing胡服骑射barbarianattireandhorsearchery和亲政策marryingtheirdaughterstominoritynationalities三十六计thethirty-sixstratagems华夏民族theChineseColossusExample12OriginalVersion：竞把出过世界兵圣孙子，世界兵典《孙子兵法》的华夏泱泱大国，打的出塑熊硅!整垄题型!这塑逸垡。(JiangRong，21)TargetVersion：⋯wereabletobringtheChinese(WhosegreatmilitarysageSun—tzuhadproducedhisuniversallyacclaimedtreatiseTheArtofWar)totheirknees，torunroughshodovertheirterritory，andtointerrupttheirdynasticcycles．(Goldblatt，27)“乾坤’’inthisexamplestandsfor“heavenandearth”whichhasaspecialconnotationinChina．“山河破碎，乾坤颠倒”areusedtOindicatetheinvasionofterritoryandeventualdemiseofadynasty．Becauseofitscomplexanddeepmeaningofthewords．itisimpossibletotranslatetheculturalconnotationofit．Therefore，HoldblatttranslateditsmeaninginsteadoftheculturalconnotationinordertosatisfytheTLreaders．Example13OriginalVersion：陈阵也开始担心，川狼所擅K的夜战、偷袭战利围歼战，来对俐郧群听觉嗅觉远高丁．人的狼，是否有些堕曲壶笸．(JiangRong，130)39 太原理一l：大学硕士学位论文TargetVersion：Chenbegantoworrythatlaunchingasurpriseattackandanencirclementarrayagainstthewolves，withtheirsuperiorsenseofsmell，andatnight—theirfavoritetimetofight—waslikeanapprenticeshowingoffbeforehismaster．(Ooldblatt，180)310)Example14OriginalVersion：高健中说：狼咬了人，你还想放它，堡真出壅娶还壅鄞，NN／z,便宜的事。(JiangRong，TargetVersion：‘‘You’retalkingaboutsettingfreeawolfthat’Salreadybittensomeone?—Ho—wdensecany—oube?Itwon’twork，notnow．(Goldblatt，404)Forforeignreaders，theliteraltranslationsof“班门弄斧”and“东郭”arebeyondtheirapprehensionandmakesthemfeelunintelligible；howeveriftheexplanationofthetextattachedtoomuch，itmaydamagesthefluencyofthetext．Therefore，Goldblatthasbronghthisunderslandingofthephrasetothetranslationandmadehiso、,vnwordstointerpretthemeaningoftheoriginaltext．(4)Cultural—loadedwordsonidiomsandproverbsBesidesthewordsaboutMongoliaethnic，CulturalRevolutioninChinaandChinesehistory，there3J'estillalotofidioms，proverbsandallegoricalphrases，whicharetotallystrangetowesternreaders．Example15OriginalVersion：龙生龙，凤生风，耗子生儿会打洞。(JiangRong，246)TargetVersion：Adragonsiresadragon，aphoenixbreedsaphoenix，butarat’SbabyknowshowtOdigahole．(Goldblatt，335)Thisproverbtellstheparents’behaviorhaveadeepimpactonchildren．IthasthesamemeaningastheEnglishidiom“likefather,likeson”．Buthedidnottranslateitwiththisfamiliarexpressionforwesternreaders．Hethoughtthattranslationaimedtobringnewideafromoutside，whichdependedonnewwordsexpression．Ifthenew10 太原理I：人学硕十。孚：何论文conceptsoforiginallanguagealwaysbereplacedbythefamiliarone，thenewconceptswillalwaysbeintheoldthought(JinXiuying，2009)．SoGoldblatttranslateditwordforwordinordertoasktheTLreaderstolearnChineseexpressionandChineseculture．Example16OriginalVersion：狗坐轿子不识抬举，狗嘴里吐不出象牙，狗拿耗子多管闲事，肉包子打狗有去无回⋯(JiangRong，140)TargetVersion：Adoginasedanchairdoesnotappreciatekindness；youcant’tgetivoryfromadog’Smouth；onlybusybodydogscatchrats，throwameatybunatadog，anditwon’tcomeback．(Goldblatt，196)Example17OriginalVersion：道尔基是个不见兔子不撒鹰的猎手．(JiangRong，l12)TargetVersion：Hewasacautioushunter，onewhoneverloosedhishawkuntilhesawarabbit．(Goldblatt，157)Example18OriginalVersion：--gll吃在碗里，霸住锅里，肥水不流外人田的恶霸架势。(JiangRong，124)TargetVersion：⋯⋯asifeatingoutofabowlandguardingthepot，hoardingthebestforhimself．(Goldblatt，173)Example19OriginalVersion就乌力吉和毕力格这点儿力量⋯⋯连螳臂当车都不如。(JiangRong，215)TargetVersionWhatpowerdoacoupleofMongolslikeUljiiandBilgeehave?It’Sthemantistryingtostopawagon．(Goldblatt．295) 太原理t大学硕：}=学位论文InordertOtranslatethemeaningofthesewordstotheTLreaders，Goldblattmustunderstanditclearly．“不见兔子不撒鹰”inexample17impliesDorji’Scharacterofsteadyandhispresencegreatlyenhancedthechanceofgettingthecubs．“吃在碗里，霸住锅里，肥水不流外人田”describesone’Scharacterofbeinsatiableandgreedytoseizeallthebenefits．”Thisexamplemeansthecubprotectsitsmileandkeepsotherthreedocilepuppiesaway．“螳臂当车”originatesfromChuangTzu．Itmeansthatsomeonewantstoresiststrongorirresistiblepoweranditmustleadtoinevitablyfailure．Inthisnovel，itrefersthatitisimpossibleforUljiiandBilgeetoprotecttheecologicalenvironmentofgrasslandunderthebackgroundofCulturalRevolution．Allthewordsabovehavebeentranslatedliterallybasedontheirliteralmeaning．AccordingtoGoldblatt’Sliteraltranslation，theTLreaderscallseethehistoricalcultureofChinafromit，increasingthefunofreadingandfeelingastrongorientalflavor．TheidiomsinChina，whichfullofnationalcolor,areuniquefixedphrasesthatextractedafteralong—termuse．ItistheessenceofChineselanguageandanimportantrhetoricalmeansinChineselanguage．GoldblattmainlyusesliterarytranslationtokeepsthevividimageandnationalcolorofChineseidiom．Withliterarytranslation，hecouldconveytheinformationloadedinidiomsdirectlyinorderthattheTLreaderscouldexpandtheirhorizonandhavebettersenseofChineseculture．What’Smore，itinputsnewexpressiontoEnglishlanguagetoenrichthecultureofEnglishlanguage．Generallyspeaking，theculturaldifferencesbetweenwestemworldandChinawillcauseblanksoftheTLreaders’understanding．Soitisnecessarythatthetranslatorneedtofulfilltheblanksandconveythemeaningoftheoriginalmaximally．5．3．2ConsiderationonReader’SLanguageHabitsAsforasuccessfultranslationwork．themostimportantfactoristoattractthereader’Sattention．Asuccessfultranslatorshouldcombinetheoriginalwithreader’SlanguagehabitsinordertomakethetranslationacceptedbytheTLreader．Whilereadingalitm‘arytranslationtext，readerswhodonotunderstandthesourcelanguagewillexpectthattheycanreaditasfluentlyastheirownlanguage．Viseverse，42 太原理I：人学硕十学何论文translatoi·hopesthatthereaderswillappreciatethecontents，ideasandstyleoftheoriginalworksfromthetranslation．Affectedbyvariousculturesonlifeexperiencesandbackground，peopleindifferentcountrieshavevariouslanguagehabits·Sothetranslatorsmustadjusttheirlanguageexpressionaccordingtothereadersincasethatthereadersmayfeelstrangeandboredoftheversion．Nomatterincharacter，grammarandexpressionstyle，agreatdiscrepancyexistsbetweenChineseandEnglishlanguage．Forexample，thesourcetextofLangTutengwildlyusesagreatmanyofParallelismandfour—characteridiomsthatfamiliarwithChinesereaders’languagehabitbutnottheEnglishreaders．However,aflexiletranslationofthesecontentsinGoldblatt’SEnglishversionmeetstheTLreaders’languagehabit．Example20OriginalVersion：但放马又是草原上最艰苦最凶险的：r：作，没有身高、胆大、机敏、聪明、警觉、耐饥渴、耐寒暑的狼或军人的素质，生产队里是不会选你当马倌的。(JiangRong，81)TargetVersion：Fora11that、herdinghouseswasthehardestandmostdangerousworkonthegrassland．andtheproductionteamchoseonlythehardiest，braves，smartest，mostresourcefIulandalertindividualstobehorseherders，menwhowerenotafraidtogohungryorthirsty，menwhocouldwithstandextremecoldandheat，menwhohadtheconstitutionofawolforawarrior．(JiangRong，113)Example21OriginalVersion：这就叫做群狼战术，全面出击，四面开花，声东击西，互相掩护，佯攻加主攻，能攻则攻，攻不动就牵制兵力，吐人顾头顾不了尾，顾东顾不了话。(JiangRong，281)TargetVersion：Thatwastheirplan：anall—outattackfromfoursides，hittingtheeasttodivertattentionfromthewest，coveringforeachother，feigninganattackononesidewhilemountingamajorassaultontheothei‘：theyadvancedwhcI]theycould，andwhentheycouldn't．t11evtieduSupSOthatwecouldn’tcoverboththeheadandthetail，orboth43 太原理：I：人学硕十学位论文eastandwest．(Goldblatt，369)Theoriginalversionofexample20usesaseriesofnounsoneafteranothertodeclaretherequirementsofhorseherderchoosinginthissentence．Intargetversion，fiveadjectivesandthreeparallelismsusedtoconveythiscondition．Actually,Goldblattrewrotethisparagraph诵manewstructuretoadjustreaders’languagehabits．Example21isakindoftypicalChineseexpressioncomposedbyphasesandminorsentenceswithoutanyconjunctionwordsbutonlycommastoindicatetheirrelationship．ChinesereadersarefamiliarwiththisstructurethatusuallyappearsinChinesenovels．ButforEnglishreaders，itCannotbeacceptedwithoutanycohesivetie．Therefore，conjunctionwordsareusedintranslation，likefi'om,while,when,and,SOthatandortomeetthelanguagehabitsofTLreaders．Inaddition，Goldblattalsousesnounphrase，participialstructureandtwoclausesinordertomakethetranslationmorecohesiveandlogical．Exmnplc22OriginalVersion：“他们拥有这么大群伟大卓越的军事教官；拥有这么优良清晰直观的实战军事观摩课堂；还拥有与这么精锐的狼军队长期作战的实践。”(JiangRong，21)‘‘Theyhadthegreatestofallteachersinmilitarystrategy；theyhadanexcellentandremarkablyclearmodelofactualcombat；andtheyhadalonghistoryofstrugglewithcracklupinetroops．”(GoldblaR，27)Example23OriginalVersion：狼没了牙，狼就没了天。狼再也不能猎杀它最喜欢的大牲口了，再也不能防卫猎狗的攻击和同类的争夺了，再也不能撕咬切割，大块吃肉、大口喝血了，再也不能在严酷的草原及时足够地补充能量了。(JiangRong．79)TargetVersion：Withoutthem，thewolfislost．Nolongercanithuntitsfavoriteprey，largedomesticanimals；nolongercanitdefenditselfagainsthuntingdogsorrivalwolves；nolongercanitripandtear,feastonchunksofmeatandmouthfulsofblood；nolongerCallitadequatelyreplenishitsenergyontheunforgivinggrassland．(Goldblatt，14 太原理T人学硕十学何论文79、Intheprocessoftranslation，referenceandsubstitutionalwaysbeusedinsteadofrepeatedwords．Butinabovetwoexamples，Goldblatthasrepeatedthewordsasthesameformastheoriginaltext．Example21meanstoemphasizetheimportantroleofwolfintheMongolian’Slifeandhistory．JustbecauseGenghisKanaswellastheilliterateorsemiliteratemilitaryleadersofpeopleinMongoliahavethewolf’Smilitarystrategy,theycoulddefeattheHanpeopleinhistory．Thesethreeparallelismclauseswith“had”emphasizethemeaningandexpressitdirectly．Originalversionofexample20usesaparatacticfeature‘‘再也不能’’toemphasizetheimportantofwolf’Steethandexpressthecatastrophiclifeifitlostitsteeth．Withthesamepurpose，Goldblattalsousesthree“nolonger”foremphasizing．Throughthiskindoftranslation，TLreaderswillpayattentionoftherepetitionandparallelism，whichgivethemabroaderspaceforimaging．Asakindofreflectivecomments，thoseideasaboutecology,historyandculturearefulloftheoriginalnovelofLangTuteng．Actuarially,becauseofthedifferenceoflanguagehabitsandthinkingmodel，therequirementofwritingisdifferent，too·Thesecommentsinsertedinnovelwouldweakentheintegrityofnarrationwhichisdifficulttoacceptbywesternreaders．SoagreatmanyofcommentsandthinkinginoriginalnovelhavebeenomittedinEnglishversiontoincreasethereadabilityofthetranslation．Example24OriginalVersion：陈阵叹道：正是拦不住，心里才着急啊。主国堡塞奎厦土星二仝理盒盛趱皇童型丛!丛的糙抽签丕!皇童星仝盔宣壅!面虫国叁区丝二塞查圭墨全：尘垒童!!!皇童丝逋邀!塑丞到燕塞：：!!!丞卫夔盘!墨亘覆盘：：!蕉丕题廛丛赞厶旦堑注丕渔的潮逾!选塾整煎盘壅!!翟盘：：!堂丕亟查塞!丛叠．：匕攮!丛出皇壹!丕出基塑!：盛卫惑盘!幺豆覆盘：：塞匾土蕉!!丛丑麴童!翌亘矍壹：二夔苤覆圭!蕉量皇童：：：：：：毖继厦整适盛基!熊堡苤壬生耋!壶么塑堡!鱼王土I筵星!西厶围羞夏至猩坦!醚!坠地簦羞鱼王苤塾!达基垒达!睦堕道!金丕鱼!运：：：邋!毯趔蕉箜塑自I二垫』：￡垒墨萱：垦蝗毽．速丕坦墨缝塑自曼!±速丝筐!壁!翅区塑面i墨马的亟厶二二I睦!缝05 太原理T人学硕十学位论文塑崮壁!亟生裹塑塑I!这{圭厘鲎丝塑塑空塑鱼盒羞途耋9丝堇题望塑!这是因塑苤直当蕉堇厘猩型堇垣△基回型出苤的=!堂生：：!亟：!堂生：：复篚盛趁熊耋垣塞挂的图造塑塞垃喔!面蔓厘猩丛苤趁厶型丛!猩的丝搔塑迕多奎筮!厶堂工且王生姿遗篮堂型喔!猩查堇愿土塞匿缠塑羞二翅!塑垄堇厦圣登鳢绽复盘的羞丕丝剑矗壶土：：：：：：张继原说：我真替犬戎和匈奴感到惋惜。他们是多么优秀的民族，⋯(JiangRong，286)TargetVersion：Chensighed，‘'Noone，whichiswhy1worry．”Zhangadded，“IhaveasoftspotinmyheartfortheQuanrongandtheHuns，bothoutstandingraces．”(Goldblatt，376)Thesourcetexthasused608wordstoexpressthethinkingofChenzhenandZhangJiyuan．GoldblatthasdeletedthecontentsunderlinewhichisaboutthecommentsofConfucianistandwolvesingrassland，andonlykeptthirtyfivewordsfortranslation，sincethewesternreadersprefertothenarrativestory．Besidesthecomments，Goldblatthasalsodeletedthoseexclamativepartsthatdonotaffectthereaders’understandingandalteredthisformintodirectnarrativeonetomakethetranslationmorefluentandclosertothewesternreaders．5．3．3ConsiderationonReader’SComprehensionAbilitiesTheTLreader’Scomprehensionabilityisallimportantparttobeconsiderationbytranslator．TheTLreadershavetheirownbasiccomprehensionabilitytotheworkbecauseoftheirdifferentculturecustoms．Soforthesakeofthereader’Sprimaryrole，thetranslatormustconsidertheTLreader’Scultureandhorizonofexpectationintheprocessoftranslationtoformthesecondtextintheirmind，enhancingtheTLreaders’comprehensionabilities．InLiGuolin’Sview,besidesthefidelityoftheoriginalworks，anotherimportantthingintranslationisthathowtounderstandthetranslatedversionandlearnmorefromit．SotranslatorsshouldpredicttheTLreader’Scomprehensionabilitybeforeconveyingtheirviewsandideas．Example25OriginalVersion：46 太原理T人学硕十学位论文——————————————————————————————————————————————一—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————一上面『耳给尔边草原压任务的话，尔边的K城真就危险了。(JiangRong，169)TargetVersion：Ifthegovernmentcontinuesincreasingoursupplyquotas，theeasternportionofthewallwillbeindangerofsufferingthesamefate．(Goldblatt，234)WordswithimpliedmeaningareappreciatedinChineseLanguage．PeopleuseasimplephrasetoexpressitsdeepmeaningwhichalsounderStoodbyothers．ItisaconventionalexpressioninChina．Butasforthewestemreaders，theycannotcomprehendtherealmeaningduetothehistoricalbackgroundofcontext．Itthewordsonlytranslatedbytheliteralmeaning，itwillcausesomeblanksandgapsbetweenEnglishandChineselanguageandmakethewesternreadersconfused．Theliterarymeaningof‘‘上面”referstoupwarddirectionInthisexample，butthiswordinexample24implythegovernmentthatasksthepeopleinMongoliatoincreasethesupplyquotasofmeet．AlltheChinesereadersunderstanditsrealmeaningaccordingtocontext，butitisdifficultforwesternreaderstounderstand．Ifitistranslatedbyitsliterarymeaning“upper”，theTLreaderswillbeconfusedandblockedintheirreading·SoGoldblatthasaltereditwithitsinnermeaning‘‘thegovernment’’andmadeitcleartotheTLreaderstocaterfortheircomprehensionabilities．Example26OriginalVersion：包顺贵招呼猎手把狼尸统统集中到一处，并把狼尸以两横两竖井字形的形状，叠摞起来。(JiangRong，143)TargetVersion：Baohadthehuntersgatherthemupandstackthemtoformthecharacterjing，井，forawell．(Goldblatt，200)GoldblattshowshisfullconsiderationforTLreaders’comprehensionabilitiesinthisexample．Chinesecharacter“井”isapictographicwordwhichcomesfromtheimageofwell．Thiswordpreciselyshowstheformofwolfcarcassesstack．Intargetversionversion：theChinesepronunciationofthisword‘7ing’’andChinesecharacter‘‘井”haveallbeenretainedbyGoldblatt．ItperfectlyconveystheoriginalcontenttotheTLreadersatthefieldofthesound，shape，andmeaning．Atthesametime，the47 太原理』I：人学硕+学位论文perfecttransmissionofthesourcecontentmakestheTLreaderscomprehendtheoriginalmeaningmorevisuallyandclearly．Example27：OrignalVersion：然而墨Q周生这仝==厶生经匝：：的：面童：查生，使他俩立定决心重返额仑草原。他俩将去看望他们的草原亲友，看望他们不敢再看的“乌珠穆沁大草原”，看望黑山石下那个小狼的故洞。(JiangRong，402)TargetVersion：Atthethirty-yearmark,animportantanniversaryinthelifeofaChinese,theydecidedtogobacktoseetheirfriends，totheGreatujimchinStepperthey’dbeenafraidtovisit，andtheoldwolfcaveatthefootofBlackRockMountain．(Goldblatt，507)“‘而立’之年”inoriginalversionreferstoone’St11irtyyearsold．Itmeansthatapersonattheageofthirtyshouldbeofindependentandself-reliance．Inthisexample，itrearstothethirtiethyearaftertheBeijingstudentshadbeensenddowntotheOlonbulag，andituses“‘而立’之年”toshowitsimportance．Therefore，Goldblatttranslateditwiththeimpliedmeaninginto‘'thethirty-yearmark,animportant亟!坠!i∑曼￡曼型Yi堕丛!皇!i鱼塑』：亟￡!!i!!皇苎曼”tuL11eTLreaders．Itnotonlyconveystheoriginalmeaning，butalsotellstheTLreadersthatone’Sthirty-yearoldisanimportantperiodinthelifetimeinChina．5．3．4ConsiderationonReader’SAestheticRequirementsAestheticrequirementsdifferfromthehistoryandtraditionwhichdecidesbycultureandnation．ThosebeautifulexpressionsinChineselanguagemaynotattractthesamefeelingtotheforeignerreaders．Inordertogivereadersabetterfeelofthearticle，ChineseLanguagepreferstousealargesegmentofthescenerydescriptionandtheauthor’SsensestOreflectthebackground．Butthisdescriptionmaymaketheforeignerreadersfeelboredandlostinterestofreading．Example28OriginalVersion：48 太原理l：人学硕十学位论文陈阵终r看清了这片边境草原美丽的处女地，坯"G-lJJlH-'匕12．疋I』中国最后一片处女地草原了，关的让他儿乎窒息，苤的选丝丕銎疆焦煎壁垡二垄!逛焦丝建奎茎垡的量芷壹岖塑蔓厘塑!董I!睦睦么叁地疰丛垄丝的亘煎!鱼妄起I狼。(JiangRong，174)TargetVersion：AtlastChenlaideyesonvirgingrassland，possiblethelastofitskindinallofChina，andbreathtakinglybeautiful．(Goldblatt，240)ThisexampledescribesthefeelingofChenzhenwhenhefindsthevirgingrassland．Heisshockedbythebeautifulofthegrasslandwhichmakeshimhardlytobreathe．TheunderlinepartsinChineseversionfurtherdescribeChenzhen’Sownfeelingofshockbythebeauty．Duringtheprocessoftranslation，GoldblatthasdeletedthispartsinceitisjustakindofsenseofChenzhen．ThispartdoesnothaveanymeaningandsignificanceforthewholetextunderstandingInviewofthescenerydescription，GoldblattusesalargenumberofcolorsandanalogytodescribetheuniquelandscapeofgrasslandExample29OriginalVersion：“天鹅湖缓缓波动，湖中西边的波纹反射着东方黑蓝天空的冷色，东边的波纹反射着西边晚霞的暖色。波纹轻轻散开，慢慢滑动，一道道玛瑙红、祖母绿、寿山黄；一道道水晶紫、宝石蓝、珍珠白，冷暖交融，色泽高贵。杨克的眼前仿佛正在上演冷艳凄美的天鹅之死，腾格里撒下了各色宝物宝光，为它珍爱的天鹅和清清天鹅湖道别送行。”(JiangRong，208)TargetVersion：“Ripplesappearedonthelakesurface，thoseinthewestmirroringthecoldbluenessofthenightsky，whilethoseintheeastreflectedthewarmcolorsofsunset．Theripplesspreadslowly，concentriccirclesofagatered，emeraldgreen，translucentyellow；then—cam—ecrystalpurple，sapphireblue，andpearlwhite，alternatingcoolandWalTII，thetonesofnoblequality．Theviewthatspreadoutbeforehimseemedtoaugurthesadyetenchantingdeathoftheswans．Tenggerhadsentdownthepreciouslightsasapreludetothepartingofitsbelovedswansfromtheclearwaters．”(Goldb'Iatt，285)Inthisexample，theoriginalwriterhasusedsixgemstomodifythesesixcolol’S．Inthetranslationtext，Goldblattalsoexpressesthemvisuallywithanalogymethod． 太原理_：人学硕十学位论文ItcouldmaketheEnglishreadershavethesamefeelingwiththeoriginalreadersasiftheyexposurethemselvesintothemagicandbeautifulsceneryofInnerMongolia．What’Smore，“一道道玛瑙红、祖母绿、寿山黄；-NNTg&紫、宝石蓝、珍珠白”inoriginalversionexpressaquietcolorfulpicture，whileintargetversion，thesubtleuseof“came”makesitdynamic．Itdescribesthattherippleskeepchangingonthelakesurfacemirroringthecoldbluenessoftheskyandthewarmcolorsofsunset．Itsatisfiesthepotentialreaders’aestheticrequirements．Inthepracticeofliterarytranslation，languageiconicitycouldalsoenhancetheaestheticeffectofthetext．Thefollowingexampleuseonomatopoeiatomakeareproductionoftheoriginal．Example30OriginalVersion：这种不狼不狗的怪声，惹得小狗们都跑来看热闹，并引起大狗小狗一片哼哼叽叽的嘲笑声。陈阵笑得前仰后合，每当小狼发出“慌慌”的声音，他就故意接着喊“张张”，营盘战场出现了“慌慌、张张”极不和谐的怪声。小狼可能意识到人和狗都在嘲笑它，于是它叫得越发慌慌张张了。小狗们乐得围着小狼直打滚，过了几分钟，全队的狗叫声都停了，小狼没有狗们领唱，它又发不出声来了。(JiangRong，271)TargetVersion：Thestrangesoundbroughtthethreepuppiesrunning，whiletheotherdogsmadederidingsoundsasifmockingthecub．Everytimehewentofforf,Chenansweredwithanarfarf,andbeforelongthecampwasawashinabattleofstrange．unharmonioussound：orforf-．arfaft．Thecubmaywellhavebeenawarethatthemanandthedogsweremakingfunofhim．butthatonlyincreasedtheintensityoftheoffoff-．arfarf．Thepuppiesweresohappilycaughtupintheatmospherethattheywererollingontheground．Beforelong，allthebrigadedogsstoppedbarking，andwithnomodelstofollow,thecubturnedmute．fGoldblatt，357)OnomatopoeiaiSanimportantroleinbothChineseandEnglishtodescribethemeaningvividly．Inthisparagraph，thecubcouldnotyetmakewolfsounds，SOhehastriedtoimitatethebarkingofadog，butitissimplytoohard．“慌慌”inthisexampleisanonomatopoeiaofasoundthatthecubonlycanbark，while“张张”isaresponsemadebyChenzhenforfun．Therearedifferentmeaningbetween“慌慌、张张”and“慌50 太原理l：人学硕十学何沦文慌张张”inoriginalversion．TheformeroneisthesoundofthecubandChenzhen，butthelatterisanadjectivewhichdescribesthecub’Sfeelingofhurryandconfusionbecauseofthederidingofmanandotherdogs．However,besidestheimitationofcub’Ssound“orforf'’and“arfarf’．Goldblattonlytranslate“慌慌张张”into“orforf-一arfaft'’withouttheconnotationofit．Example31OriginalVersion：Itmaylosesomemeaningoftheoriginal．老王头醉醺醺地继续喝酒吃肉，不紧不慢地说：我哪敢在』玺耋的地盘上打獭子啊，可这还是您老的地盘P87(JiangRong，382)TargetVersion：OldWang，whowashalfdnmk，continuedeating．“1wouldn’tdarekillmarmotsonyourterritory，”hesaidcasually．“Butthisisnotyourterritoryanymore，isit?(Goldblatt，479)Theoriginalmeaningof“您老”isakindofrespectfulwaytoshowone’Srespecttotheagedmall．Butinthisexample，itisanironicexpressiontoshowthatoldwang’SdespisingtowardBilgee．Goldblattusesitalicsof‘'your’’toemphasizethefeeltotheTLreaders5．4SummaryVariousCountryandnationhavedifferentcultureandexpression，includingidiom，locutionandslangwhichleadtotheblanksofreading．Throughtheaboveanalysisoftheoriginalandtranslationtext，itisnotdifficulttoseethatGoldblattpaidattentiontothewesternreaders’readinghabits，comprehensionability，aesthetictasteandcultureandhistoryintranslationprocessandadjustedhistranslationstrategiesproperly．Hecenteredthereaders’feelinginlinewithreceptiontheoryandinfusedChineseelementstothetranslationtextwhichmakeitacceptableandappreciatedinlocalculturecontexttofulfillthevalueoftranslationcompletely． 太原理I：人学硕十学位论文 ●6．1MainFindings太原理r人学硕十!孚何沦文ChapterSixConclusionIntheprocessoftranslation，thetranslatorsareinfluencedbytheirera，society,culture，religion，etc．Asweallknow,comprehendtheoriginalistheprimaryroleintheprocessoftranslation．AccordingtoGadamer,therearetwokindsofhorizoninhistoricalprocessonrealizationofunderstanding：oneishorizonontextandanotherishorizononreaderwhocomprehendsthetext．Thetranslators，asthereaderofthesourcetext，arefulloftheirownpre—understanding，whichfusesthehorizonofsourcetexttoformabroaderone．Thisbroaderhorizonhasanumberofmeaningsthatdiffersthesourcetextitself．Inotherword，therearesomedifferencesbetweenthesourcetextandthetranslators’understanding．Thesedifferences，inRobertEscarpit’view,belongtoakindoftreason．Escarpit，aFrenchliterarysociologist，proposedthatthetranslationisasortofcreativetreason(XieTianzhen，2012)．Actually,thispointismainlyaffectedbyGadamer’SfusionofHorizonandaestheticsoftheory．ThroughtheReceptiontheory，thispaperanalyzesHowardGoldblatt’StranslationofWolfTotemonhischoiceoftranslationobject，translationstrategiesandhisconsiderationforwesternreaders．Inordertomeetthereaders’readingrequirements，heneedstoconsiderthereaders’culture，languagehabits，comprehensionabilitiesandaestheticrequirements．What’Smore，hehastoadjusthistranslationstrategiesinordertomakethetranslationtextmorereadable，acceptableandfluent．ThesetranslationmethodsandstrategiesallaimtoachievethefusionofhorizonsbetweenTLreadersandoriginalitself．First，hedeletesthesecontentswhichcouldonlyunderstandbyChineseandhardtotransfertoforeignerreaders，sinceitcannotarouseanysamefeelingtothem．Second，hedeletesthosecommentswhichdonotmeetthewesternreaders’readinghabitstOmakethestructureoftranslatedtexttobereadeasily．Third，throughthereconstructionmethod，headjuststhestructureinsomepartsofthenovel，makingthetranslationtextmorefluent．Fourth，hemakessomeadditionandalternationtOpolishhistranslation，achievingthefunctionalequivalencetothe01’iginalinordertOmakehistranslationmoreintelligibleand53 太原理!l：人学硕十学位论文readableforforeignerreaders．Therefore，thereaders’factorcouldinfluenceonGoldblatt’Schoiceoftranslationobject，translationstrategiesandlanguageexpression．6．2LimitationsoftheStudyThisthesisnoticesthevitalpositionofTLreadersintranslationandfocusesonGoldblatt’Sconsiderationforthem．However,therearestillsomelimitationsofthisstudy．First，inadditiontotheconsiderationforTLreadersinGoldblatt’StranslationonWolfTotom，patronageisalsoanotherunavoidableaspect．Manypartsofomissionandalterationareaccordingtotherequirementofthepublisher,whichisnotstudiedinthisstudy．Second，althoughGoldblatthascreatedandrewrotethetranslmiontextaccordingtoTLreaders’culturebackgroundsandcomprehensionabilities，itcannottransferthecultureinformationfromtheoriginaltoTLreaderscompletely．Therearesomephenomenaofculturallossandmistranslationintranslationtext，buttheyarenotfullyreflectedinthisstudy．Third，thisstudyonlyfocusesonGoldblatt’Sconsiderationfbmthe’I'1．reader’Sculture，languagehabits，comprehensionabilitiesandaestheticrequirements．Actually,therearealsomanyotherfactorsshouldbeconsideredfromtheTLreader’Sperspective．Therefore，theauthorofthisthesishopesthefurtherstudyonWolfTotemshouldbemorediversified．54 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太原理．【：人学硕：’卜学位论文[57]余东、张艳，变通意识与国粹心态一葛浩文的文学翻泽观解读[J]．f“东第二师范学院学报，2012，32(4)：85—92[58]张耀平，拿汉语读，用英文写[J]．中国翻译，2005，26(2)：75—77[59]赵娜、李培、岳玉庆，从目的论看英文版《狼图腾》中国文化负载词的翻译策略[J]．《语文学刊》，2009，(2)：101—103[60]周百义，章雪峰，《狼图腾》走向世界的启示[J]．《中国编辑》，2006，(6)40—44．[61]周宁、金元浦，接受美学与接受理论[M]．沈阳：辽宁人民出版社，1987[62]朱健平，现代阐释学和接受美学在我国翻译研究中的运行轨迹[J]．上海科技翻译，2002，(1)：6-12[63]朱立元，接受美学[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，1989 太原理I：人学硕十学何沦文ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFirstofall，1wouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorLiuBing，forhiscontinuousinspirationandencouragementaswellashisinstructiveadviceandstrictguidanceonmythesis．Besides，thankstohisthought—provokinglectures，Ihavegainedabetterknowledgeoftranslationandthesiswriting．Secondly,1wouldliketotakethisopportunitytoextendmydeepthankstoalltheprofessorswhohaveinstructedmeduringmythreeyearsstudyinCollegeofForeignLanguages．．Finally,1wishtoappreciatetomyfamiliymembers．Withouttheirsupportandunfailinglove，itwouldbeharderformetocompletethisthesis59 太原理■：人学硕j}：学位论文 太原理l。人学硕十学何论文PUBLISHEDPAPERS1．张静，葛浩文在文学翻译中的创作一以《狼图腾》英译版为例，《作家》，2013．4