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1、TransportationResearchPartE48(2012)100–114ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirectTransportationResearchPartEjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/treAGreenVehicleRoutingProblemSevgiErdog˘an,EliseMiller-Hooks⇑DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineerin
2、g,UniversityofMaryland,1173GlennL.MartinHall,CollegePark,MD20742,UnitedStatesarticleinfoabstractArticlehistory:AGreenVehicleRoutingProblem(G-VRP)isformulatedandsolutiontechniquesaredevel-Received16December2010opedtoaidorganizationswithalternativefuel-poweredv
3、ehiclefleetsinovercomingdiffi-Receivedinrevisedform8May2011cultiesthatexistasaresultoflimitedvehicledrivingrangeinconjunctionwithlimitedAccepted12July2011refuelinginfrastructure.TheG-VRPisformulatedasamixedintegerlinearprogram.Twoconstructionheuristics,theModifi
4、edClarkeandWrightSavingsheuristicandtheDen-sity-BasedClusteringAlgorithm,andacustomizedimprovementtechnique,aredeveloped.Keywords:Resultsofnumericalexperimentsshowthattheheuristicsperformwell.Moreover,prob-Vehicleroutinglemfeasibilitydependsoncustomerandstati
5、onlocationconfigurations.ImplicationsofAlternative-fuelfleetoperationsRefuelingtechnologyadoptiononoperationsarediscussed.FueltankcapacitylimitationÓ2011ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionIntheUnitedStates(US),thetransportationsectorcontributes28%(USEP
6、A,2009)ofnationalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions.Thisisinlargepartbecause97%ofUStransportationenergycomesfrompetroleum-basedfuels(USDOT,2010).Effortshavebeenmadeovermanydecadestoattractdriversawayfrompersonalautomobilesandontopublictransitandfreightfromtruckstora
7、il.Sucheffortsareaimedatreducingvehiclemilestraveledbyroadand,thus,fossil-fuelusage.Othereffortshavefocusedonintroducingcleanerfuels,e.g.ultralowsulfurdiesel,andefficientenginetechnologies,leadingtoreducedemissionsforthesamemilestraveledandgreatermileagepergal
8、lonoffuelused.Whileeachsuchefforthasitsbenefits,onlyamulti-facetedapproachcanengendertheneededreductioninfossil-fuelusage.Aspartofsuchamulti-facetedapproach,renewedattentionisbeinggiventoe
