英语医药学专业

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1、1・Introductiontoquantitativeriskassessment2.Riskanalysisisavaluabletoolinthemanagementofmicrobialfoodsafetyissuesandcanprovideasystematicapproachfortheregulatoryauthoritiesandthefoodindustrytocontroltheriskposedbyapathogeninaparticularfoodcommodity・Riskanalysisconsistsofthreee1ements:

2、riskassessment,riskmanagementandriskcommunicotion.Riskassessmentisthescientificpartoftheprocessinwhichthehazardsareidentifiedandtheriskposedbythatparticularhazard(i.e.pathogen)iscalculated・Theprinciplesofriskassessmentincludingthefourstagesinvolvod(hazardidentification,exposureassessm

3、ent,hazardcharacterisationandriskcharacterisation)areoutlinedbytheCodexAlimentariusCommission(Codex,1999).Eachofthestagesissummarisedbelow・1・1.HazardidentificationAhazardisdefinedasanagenthavinganadverseeffectonthepublichealthofthehumanpopulationandmayposeashortterm,chronic,orfatalris

4、ktoaperson.Theidentificationofmicrobialhazardassociatedwithaparticularfoodisgenerallybasedoninfonnationgeneratedfromroutinemicrobialanalysisofthecommodityorfromanepidemiological1inkageofaparticularpathogenwithacaseoffoodborneinfection.1・2・ExposureassessmentExposureassessmentisaquantit

5、ativeestimationofthepresenceofacontaminantinaservingoffoodatthetimeofconsumption,orasclosetothisstageasisscientificallypossibleandpractical.However,thefinalestimationofthenumbersandprevalenceofapathogeninthefoodisoftenbasedonanaccumulationofdataontheprevalenceandnumbersofpathogenatkey

6、pointsinthefoodchainwithdataincludedonhowparticularstagesinthefoodchainaffectthenumbers/prevalenceofthepathogen・Thefinalstepintheprocessestimatestheamountofcontarninantinasingleserving,withinfomidtiononthetypicalamountoffoodconsumedinaservingprocuredfromnutritioneilDatabases.Theexposu

7、reassessmentmodelcanbe'deterministic',i・C・derivedusingsingledatapointsalongthefoodchain.However,thisapproachmayresultinoutliervaluesbeingignoredandthusunderoroverestimatingtherisk.Amorecommonapproachistouseaprobablisticorstochasticanalysis,inwhichadistributioncurverepresentingal1datai

8、sused