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1、Lecture2PhoneticsLanguageisprimarilyvocal.Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds----soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.Whatisphonetics?----Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovi
2、desmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.[p]bilabial,stop.ScopeofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”.Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”.Acousticphonetics--
3、--fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.Articulatoryphoneticsword
4、'w∂:d
5、
6、'w∂:rd
7、pass
8、pa:s
9、
10、pæs
11、box
12、bכks
13、
14、baks
15、interesting
16、'intristiŋ
17、
18、'int∂ristiŋ
19、system
20、'sistim
21、
22、'sist∂m
23、SpeechorgansA.TheinitiatoroftheairstreamB.ThevocalcordsC.Theresonatingcavi
24、tiesTheinitiatoroftheairstreamThevocalcordsCordsopenCordsclosedLarynxThreeresonatingcavitiesPharyngealcavity----thethroatTheoralcavity----themouthNasalcavity----thenoseThreecavitiesThediagramofspeechorgansLipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar)HardpalateSoftpalate(velar)UvulaTipoftong
25、ueBladeoftongueBackoftongueVocalcordsPharyngealcavityNasalcavityMoreexactlyTerms:placesofarticulationBilabial;Labiodental;Dentalorinterdental;Alveolar;Palatoalveolar;Palatal;Velar;Uvular;Glottal.Somemajorarticulatoryvariables----dimensionsonwhichspeechsoundsmayvary:Voicing--
26、--voiced&voicelessNasality----nasal&non-nasalAspiration-----aspirated&unaspiratedClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds----Englishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:VowelsConsonantsNote:Theessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoclassesisthatintheproductionofthe
27、formertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritissomehowobstructed.Classificationofconsonants----Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions:TheplacesofarticulationThemannersofarticulationTheplacesofarticul
28、ationbilabial:[p],[b],[m],[w]in“pie,buy,my”.labiodental:[f],[v]in“fie,vie”.
