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1、FirstLanguagehttp://fla.sagepub.comAmbiguityinChildLanguage:TheProblemofInterobserverReliabilityinAmbiguousObservationDataPaulVanGeertandMarijnVanDijkFirstLanguage2003;23;259DOI:10.1177/01427237030233001Theonlineversionofthisarticlecanbefoundat:http://fla.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/

2、3/259Publishedby:http://www.sagepublications.comAdditionalservicesandinformationforFirstLanguagecanbefoundat:EmailAlerts:http://fla.sagepub.com/cgi/alertsSubscriptions:http://fla.sagepub.com/subscriptionsReprints:http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.navPermissions:http://www.sagepub.com/j

3、ournalsPermissions.navDownloadedfromhttp://fla.sagepub.comatPENNSYLVANIASTATEUNIVonApril16,2008©2003SAGEPublications.Allrightsreserved.Notforcommercialuseorunauthorizeddistribution.Vol23-Pt3-VanGeert&VanDijk12/9/0310:51amPage1Ambiguityinchildlanguage:theproblemofinter-observerreliabilityinam

4、biguousobservationdata*PAULVANGEERT}MARIJNVANDIJKUniversityofGroningenABSTRACTInlanguageacquisition,inter-transcriberagreementoverlinguisticcategoriesassignedtorecordedutterancesisconceivedasameasureofobserverreliability.Wearguethatdisagreementisnotmerelyareflectionofobservererrorsornoisydat

5、a,butcanbeareflectionofthegenuineambiguityofearlyspeech.Disagreementarisesfromthefactthatthechildisstillbuildinglinguisticcategories,andtherefore,fromthefactthatthelanguageistrulyambiguous.Thisambiguitycanbequantifiedbyapplyingconceptsfromfuzzylogic,whichwedemonstrateinacasestudy.Afterpresen

6、tinganindexofagreementandaMonte-Carloprocedureforcalculatingtheprobabilityofchanceagreement,weintroduceanindexofambiguity,basedonthefuzzylogicnotionofdegree-of-membership.KEYWORDSAmbiguity;Cohen’skappa;dynamicsystemstheory;fuzzylogic;inter-observerreliability;spatialprepositionsINTRODUCTIONI

7、nter-observerreliabilityisanimportantissueinmanybranchesofpsychology.Forinstance,thehandbookondevelopmentalpsychologybyShaffer(1985),awidelyusedtextbook,states(p.16)thatreliabilityisoneofthemostimportantthingstoconsiderifnaturalisticobservationisem