Understanding Goal-Based Stories through Model Finding and Planning

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1、UnderstandingGoal-BasedStoriesthroughModelFindingandPlanningErikT.MuellerIBMThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenterP.O.Box704YorktownHeights,NY10598USAAbstractStep1isthecomputationalbottleneck,typicallytak-ingabout15timesaslongasthesecondstep(MuellerWepresentanapproachforunderstandinggoal-based2003).I

2、tbecomesanevengreaterbottleneckwhenstoriesthatcombinesmodelfindingandplanning.Wementalstatesarerepresented.Forexample,considerpresentanalgorithmthattakesnarratedactions,nar-ratedproperties,andadomaindescriptionasinputandthefollowingstory:producesweightedmodelsasoutput.Wedemonstrate[Willa1]Wi

3、llawashungry.ShegrabbedtheMiche-theuseoftheapproachontwoexamples.linguide.Shegotinhercar.(Schank&Abelson1977,p.71;Schank&Riesbeck1981,p.182)IntroductionUnderstandingthisstoryrequiresinferringthatWillaThestoryunderstandingtaskconsistsoftakingastoryhasagoaltosatisfyhungerandthatheractionscon-

4、asinputandproducinganunderstandingofthestorystitutepartofaplantoachievethisgoal.Toreasonasoutput.Storyunderstandingisanimportantprob-aboutWilla’smentalplan,wemustrepresentmentallembecauseithasmanypossibleapplicationsincom-treesofhypotheticalworldstatesnestedinsideactualputersystemssuchasadv

5、isory,alert,questionan-worldstates.Groundingthesestatesgivesrisetoaswering,search,andsummarizationsystems.StorylargenumberofpropositionsmakingtheSATapproachunderstandingcanbebrokendownintothetasksofcomputationallyinfeasible.parsingandinferencing.Inparsing,storytextorInthispaper,wepresentane

6、fficientapproachforin-speechisconvertedintopredicate-argumentstructureferencinginstoryunderstandingthatsupportsreason-representations(Alshawi1992;Gildea&Jurafsky2002;ingaboutmentalplans.TheapproachcombinesmodelPalmer,Gildea,&Kingsbury2005).Ininferenc-findingandplanning.Amodelfinderisusedtofindin

7、g,thoserepresentationsareelaboratedbyfillinginmodelsconsistentwiththestory.Aplannerisusedmissingdetails(Graesser,Singer,&Trabasso1994;toprunemodelsinwhichactionsarenotgoal-based.Kintsch1998).ThemodelfinderandplanneroperateinaninterleavedPropositionalsatisfi