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1、LifeontheAmericanfrontier•I.introductionLifeontheAmericanfrontier,dailylifeinthenewsettlementsthatformedastheUnitedStatesexpandedwesttothePacificOcean,southtotheGulfofMexico,andnorthtoAlaska.Thewestwardmovementacrossthecontinentbeganduringthecolonialerainthe1600’sand
2、continuedintothe1900’s.•Althougheachfrontierposeditsownsetofproblems,allsharedcertaincharacteristics.Settlersonthefrontierlivedonlandsthatweresparselypopulated.Theyfacedmanychallenges—includinghowtoproducefood,howtoprotectthemselves,andhowtocreatealifeinthenewland.To
3、meetthesedemands,theyoftenfounditnecessarytorecast(重铸)completelythecustomsandlawstheyhadbroughtwiththem.•Thesettlerswerethrownintocloseassociationwithnatureandhavetolearnhowtoliveonnature’sterms.Lifealongthefrontierwasbuiltaroundsurvivalneedsandrequiredthatpeoplebein
4、goodphysicalcondition.Physicalstrengthandhardinesshelpedapersonsurvivetheroughelementsofthefrontiersuchastheweatherandwildlife.Itwasalsoimportantforpeopletoknowhowtofarm,cutwoods,andhandleagunorarifle.•Thefrontiersettlersoftenbegantheirlifewithonlybarenecessities.Whe
5、nafamilyfirstarrivedinanewarea,theyoftenbuiltatemporaryshelterinwhichtolivewhiletheyclearedtheland.Laterthefamilymightbuildamorepermanentcabin.Frontierlifecalledonpeopletobeself-reliant.Thesettlershadtogettheirownfood,maketheirbelongingslast,andimprovise(临时做)andrepai
6、rtheirtools.•Oncethiswasdone,theywouldtrytoimprovetheirsituation.Theywouldtrytofindneighbors,andbuildschoolsandstores.•Althoughfrontierlifedemandedself-reliance,settlersoftenneededgovernmenthelp.Astheirlifeimproved,theyturnedtothegovernmenttohelpimprovethenewregionby
7、buildingroads,recommendingcrops,runningsurveys,certifyingclaims,anddredging(疏通)creeks.TheyalsowantedthefederalgovernmenttoprovideprotectionforthemfromNativeAmericans.II.Frontiertool•Onthefrontier,toolsvariedwithtime,place,andoccupation.Inagriculture,ofcourse,settlers
8、dependedontheplow.Iftheyturnedtoranching,theyneededalariat(orrope),abranding(烙印)iron,andapairofpliers(钳子).Iftheytookupmining,theyca
