UNIT 7 READING 1

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1、UNIT7READING1Understandingthehistoricalcontextfromwhichsomeoftoday'sorganizationalstructureshavedevelopedhelpstoexplainwhysomestructuresarethewaytheyare.了解今天的已经发展的某些组织结构的历史背景有助于解释为什么他们是现在这个样子。ManagementthoughtduringthisperiodwasinfluencedbyWeber'sideasofbureaucracy,wherepowerisascribed

2、topositionsratherthantotheindividualsholdingthosepositions.ItalsowasinfluencedbyTaylor'sscientificmanagement,orthe"onebestway"toaccomplishataskusingscientifically-determinedstudiesoftimeandmotion.AlsoinfluentialwereFayol'sideasofinvokingunitywithinthechain-of-command,authority,discipli

3、ne,taskspecialization,andotheraspectsoforganizationalpowerandjobseparation.Thiscreatedthecontextforvertically-structuredorganizationscharacterizedbydistinctjobclassificationsandtop-downauthoritystructures,orwhatbecameknownasthetraditionalorclassicalorganizationalstructure.Thisclassical

4、view,orbureaucraticstructure,oforganizationswasthedominantpatternassmallorganizationsgrewincreasinglylargerduringtheeconomicboomthatoccurredfromthe1900suntiltheGreatDepressionofthe1930s.在此期间，管理思想受到韦伯的官僚思想的影响，认为权力来源于职位，而不是持有这些职位的人。也受到泰勒的科学管理思想的影响，或在确定的时间完成确定的研究任务的“最佳方法”。此外有影响力的是法约尔的内部控制

5、，权威，纪律，工作专业化统一，组织能力和岗位分离的思想。这创造了上下文具有明显职业分类和自上而下的权力结构的垂直组织结构，或者被称为传统或古典的组织结构是什么垂直构造组织的背景。这家经典视图，或官僚结构，这种组织形式从1900年直到发生上世纪30年代的大萧条时期作为主导形式迅速发展成长。TheGreatDepressiontemporarilystifledU.S.economicgrowth,butorganizationsthatsurvivedemergedwiththeirvertically-oriented,bureaucraticstructuresi

6、ntactaspublicattentionshiftedtoWorldWarII.Postwarrebuildingreignitedeconomicgrowth.Alongwithincreasinggrowth,however,cameincreasingcomplexity.ProblemsinU.S.businessstructuresbecameapparentandnewideasbegantoappear.Studiesofemployeemotivationraisedquestionsaboutthetraditionalmodel.The"on

7、ebestway"todoajobgraduallydisappearedasthedominantlogic.Itwasreplacedbyconcernsthattraditionalorganizationalstructuresmightprevent,ratherthanhelp,promotecreativityandinnovation—bothofwhichwerenecessaryasthecenturyworeonandpressurestocompete globally mounted.大萧条暂时抑制了美国经济增长，但幸存下来的组织出现了