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1、ImportandExportPractices1.ReasonsforInternationalTradeTherearethreemainreasons:(1).Resourcereasons:Theunevendistributionofresourcessuchasthenaturalresources,skilledworkersandcapitalresources.(2).Economicreasons:itcanbeexplainedbytheprincipleofAbsoluteadvantageandtheprincipleof
2、Comparativeadvantage(3).Politicalreasons:Politicalobjectivescansometimesoutweigheconomicconsiderationsbetweencountries.2.BenefitsofInternationalTrade(1).Cheapergoods:Countriestradebecausethereisacostadvantage.Competitionintheworldmarketremainsconstant.(2).Greatervarietyofgoodw
3、hengoodcomefrommorecountries.(3).Widermarketwithincreasingnumberoftradingpartners.(4).Growthofeconomy.3.Reasonsfortraderestrictions:(1).Wantingadiversifiedeconomy.(2)Protectingtheirvitalindustries.(3)Foraninfantindustry.(4)Protectingthedomesticjobs(5)Forpurepoliticalreasons4.K
4、indsofrestrictions:traderestrictionstaketheformsoftariffbarriersandnon-tariffbarriers.Tariff:isadutyorfeeleviedongoodsbeingimportedinto(orexportedof)acountry.Therearerevenuetariffandprotectiontariff.Forduty,thereareimportduty,exportduty,importsurtax(anadditionaltaxthatistempor
5、aryanddiscriminatorytocopewithinternationalpaymentdifficultiesandtoprevent11dumping).countervailingduty,(anti-dumpingduty:afeecollectedbytheimportcountrytopreventdumping),(specificduty:ataxofacertainsumassessedandcollectedonanarticlewithoutreferencetoitsvalueormarket),(Advalor
6、emduty:ataxwhichisgradedaccordingtothecostormarketvalue,ofthearticletaxed),Mixed/compoundduty.Non-tariffbarriers:(Quota:isaquantitativerestrictionoranupperlimitintermsofphysicalorvalue),(importlicense:apermitforimportissuedbythegovernmenttocontroltheimportofgoods),(foreignexch
7、angecontrol:meansvariousformsofrestrictionimposedbyagovernmentonthepurchase/saleofforeigncurrenciesbyresidentsoronthepurchase/saleoflocalcurrenciesbynon-residents),statemonopolyofimportandexport,governmentprocurementpolicy,advanceddeposit,technicalstandards,health&sanitaryregu
8、lations,packagingandlabelingregulations,minimumprice.ChapterT
