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1、2008年华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题(A卷)(注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试卷上无效)PartIReadingComprehension(40%)Directions:Inthisparttherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheoneyouthinkisthebestanswer,andthenwriteyou
2、ranswerontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneInAmerica’sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem,agoodlawyerisessential.AskO.JSimpson.Inalandmarkcase35yearsago,Gideonv.Wainwright,aunanimousSupremeCourtruledthatindigentdefendantsmustbeprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpensebecausethereco
3、uldbenofairtrialinaseriouscriminalcasewithoutone.“Thisseemstoustobeanobvioustruth,”wroteJusticeHugoBlackinhisopinion.Atthetime,thedecisionwashailedasatriumphforjustice,anexampleofAmerica’scommitmenttotheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.ThisistheimagemostAmericansst
4、illhaveoftheircriminal-justicesystem---thefairestintheworld,inwhichanydefendant,nomatterhow,getsasmartlawyerwho,toooften,managestogettheculpritoffonatechnicality.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.About80%ofpeopleaccusedofafelonyhavetodependonapublicly-provided
5、lawyer;butoverthepasttwodecadestheeagernessofpoliticianstolookharshoncrime,theirreluctancetopayforpublicdefenders,andaseriesofSupremeCourtjudgmentsrestrictingthegroundsforappealhavemadeamockeryofGideon.Todaymanyindigentdefendants,includingthosefacinglongtermso
6、fimprisonmentorevendeath,aretreatedtoa“meet’emandplead’em”defense---abriefconsultationinwhichaharriedorincompetentlawyerencouragesthemtopleadguiltyonifthatfail,strugglethroughashorttrialinwhichthedefenseismassivelyoutgunnedbyamoreexperienced,better-paidandbett
7、er-preparedprosecutor.“Wehaveawealth-basedsystemofjustice,”saysStephenBright,thedirectoroftheSouthernCenterforHumanRights.“Forthewealthy,it’sgold-plated.Fortheaveragepoorperson,it’slikebeingherdedtotheslaughter-house.Inmanyplacestheadversarialsystembarelyexist
8、sforthepoor.”Manylawyers,ofcourse,havemadeheroiceffortsforparticulardefendantsforlittleornopay,butthecharityoflawyerscanbereliedontohandleonlyatinyfractionofcases.Asspendingonpolic