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1、FOUNDATIONSOFLANGUAGEtoourstudentsFOUNDATIONSOFLANGUAGEBrain,Meaning,Grammar,EvolutionRayJackendoffGreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity'sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,ande
2、ducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanSouthKoreaPolan
3、dPortugalSingaporeSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©RayJackendoff2002ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDa
4、tabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2002Firstpublishedinpaperback2003Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,o
5、rasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove.Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherb
6、indingorcoverandyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer.BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableISBN0–19–827012–7ISBN0–19–926437–6(pbk)57910864ContentsPrefacexiAcknowledgmentsxviiPARTIPSY
7、CHOLOGICALANDBIOLOGICALFOUNDATIONS1TheComplexityofLinguisticStructure31.1Asociologicalproblem31.2Thestructureofasimplesentence51.3Phonologicalstructure71.4Syntacticstructure91.5Semantic/conceptualandspatialstructure111.6Connectingthelevels131.7Anaphoraandunbounde
8、ddependencies152LanguageasaMentalPhenomenon192.1Whatdowemeanby“mental”?192.2Howtointerpretlinguisticnotationmentally232.3Knowledgeoflanguage272.4Competencevers