Chapter 2 Introduction to Highway Engineering第2章公路概况

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1、CHAPTER2.INTRODUCTIONTOHIGHWAYENGINEERINGNPTELMay7,2007Chapter2IntroductiontoHighwayEngineering2.1OverviewRoadtransportisoneofthemostcommonmodeoftransport.Roadsintheformoftrackways,humanpathwaysetc.wereusedevenfromthepre-historictimes.Sincethenmanyexperimentsweregoingontomaketheri

2、dingsafeandcomfort.Thusroadconstructionbecameaninseparablepartofmanycivilizationsandempires.Inthischapterwewillseethedierentgenerationsofroadandtheircharacteristicfeatures.AlsowewilldiscussaboutthehighwayplanninginIndia.2.2HistoryofhighwayengineeringThehistoryofhighwayenginnering

3、givesusanideaabouttheroadsofancienttimes.RoadsinRomewereconstructedinalargescaleanditradiatedinmanydirectionshelpingtheminmilitaryoperations.Thustheyareconsideredtobepioneersinroadconstruction.InthissectionwewillseeindetailaboutAncientroads,Romanroads,Britishroads,Frenchroadsetc.2

4、.2.1AncientRoadsTherstmodeoftransportwasbyfoot.Thesehumanpathwayswouldhavebeendevelopedforspecicpurposesleadingtocampsites,food,streamsfordrinkingwateretc.Thenextmajormodeoftransportwastheuseofanimalsfortransportingbothmenandmaterials.Sincetheseloadedanimalsrequiredmorehorizonta

5、landverticalclearancesthanthewalkingman,trackwaysemerged.TheinventionofwheelinMesopotamiancivilizationledtothedevelopmentofanimaldrawnvehicles.Thenitbecamenecessarythattheroadsurfaceshouldbecapableofcarryinggreaterloads.Thusroadswithhardersurfacesemerged.Toprovideadequatestrengtht

6、ocarrythewheels,thenewwaystendedtofollowthesunnydriersideofapath.Thesehaveledtothedevelopmentoffoot-paths.Aftertheinventionofwheel,animaldrawnvehiclesweredevelopedandtheneedforhardsurfaceroademerged.Tracesofsuchhardroadswereobtainedfromvariousancientcivilizationdatedasoldas3500BC.

7、TheearliestauthenticrecordofroadwasfoundfromAssyrianempireconstructedabout1900BC.2.2.2RomanroadsTheearliestlargescaleroadconstructionisattributedtoRomanswhoconstructedanextensivesystemofroadsradiatinginmanydirectionsfromRome.Theywerearemarkableachievementandprovidedtraveltimesacro

8、ssIntroductiontoTransportationEng