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1、3280IEEETRANSACTIONSONANTENNASANDPROPAGATION,VOL.53,NO.10,OCTOBER2005Broad-BandFragmentedAperturePhasedArrayElementDesignUsingGeneticAlgorithmsBjörnThors,HansSteyskal,Fellow,IEEE,andHenrikHolterAbstract—Inthispaper,asynthesisproceduretodesignthindesignedtooperateovermuchlargerbandwidthsthananin-
2、broad-bandfragmentedaperturearrayelementsisdescribed.dividualelement.Densearraysofwiredipoleshavebeenana-Thearraysareassumedtobeinfiniteperiodicandtheelementslyzed[5],[6],similararrayswherethedipolearmsconsistofcir-consistofaconductingpatternetchedonadielectricbackedbycularpatches[7],[8]andwidecr
3、osses[9]havebeenproposed,agroundplane.Ageneticalgorithm(GA)isusedtodesigntheconductingpattern,relativepermittivity,andthicknessoftheandrecentlyawide-banddipolearraywaspresented[10].Indielectricsubstratewithrespecttoarrayscanandbandwidthmostcases,however,designguidelinesandresultsarescantorperfor
4、mance.ThefitnessfunctionintheGAisevaluatedusinganonexistent.Therefore,thispaperexploresadesignapproachfinite-differencetime-domaincodewithperiodicboundarycondi-foraplanarpatchphasedarrayelementwithoctavebandwidth.tions.Forasubstratethickerthanabout0.1(=wavelengthGeneticalgorithms(GAs)havebeenusedt
5、ooptimizetheatthelowestfrequencyinthefrequencybandinvestigated),itwasfoundthatabandwidthofatleastoneoctavecanbeobtainedforshapeofpatchelements,bothassingleelements[11]andasarraysscannedwithin45frombroadside.phasedarrayelements[12].In[12],theoptimizationwasbasedonaGAincombinationwithastochastichi
6、llclimbingtech-IndexTerms—Broad-bandantennas,finite-differencetime-domain(FDTD),geneticalgorithm(GA),phasedarrays.niqueandledtoafragmentedaperturedesign.However,mostofthenumericalexamplesgivenin[12]areforarrayswithoutagroundplane,whichmeansthattheresultingarraysradiateinI.INTRODUCTIONtwodirection
7、s.Noresultsaregivenforgroundplanebackedar-ROAD-BANDarrayantennasarebecomingincreasinglyraysscannedoffbroadside.Inthispaper,asimilargenetical-Bimportantformilitaryaswellascommercialapplications.gorithmisusedtosynthesizeabroad
