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1、CopernicusPolishname:MikolajKopernik.Polishastronomerandmathematicianwho,asastudent,studiedcanonlaw,mathematics,andmedicineatCracow,Bologna,Rome,Padua,andFerrara.Copernicusbecameinterestedinastronomyandpublishedanearlydescriptionofhis"heliocentric"mode
2、lofthesolarsysteminCommentariolus(1512).Inthismodel,thesunwasactuallynotexactlythecenterofthesolarsystem,butwasslightlyoffsetfromthecenterusingadeviceinventedbyPtolemyknownastheequantpoint.TheideathattheSunwasthecenterofthesolarsystemwasnotnew(similart
3、heorieshadbeenproposedbyAristarchusandNicholasofCusa),butCopernicusalsoworkedouthissysteminfullmathematicaldetail.EventhoughthemathematicsinhisdescriptionwasnotanysimplerthanPtolemy's,itrequiredfewerbasicassumptions.BypostulatingonlytherotationoftheEar
4、th,revolutionaboutthesun,andtiltofEarth'srotationalaxis,Copernicuscouldexplaintheobservedmotionoftheheavens.However,becauseCopernicusretainedcircularorbits,hissystemrequiredtheinclusionofepicycles.Unfortunately,outoffearthathisideasmightgethimintotroub
5、lewiththechurch,Copernicusdelayedpublicationofthem.In1539,CopernicustookonRheticusasastudentandhandedoverhismanuscripttohimtowriteapopularizationoftheheliocentrictheory,publishedasNarratioPrimain1540.Shortlybeforehisdeath,RheticusconvincedCopernicustoa
6、llowpublicationofhisoriginalmanuscript,andDeRevolutionibusOrbiumCoelestiumwaspublishedin1543.Copernicusproposedhistheoryasatruedescription,notjustatheorytosaveappearances.UnlikeBuridanandOresme,hedidnotthinkthatanytheorywhichsavedappearanceswasvalid,in
7、steadbelievingthattherecouldonlybeasingletruetheory.Whentheworkwaspublished,however,AndreasOsianderaddedanunauthorizedprefacestatingthatthecontentwasmerelyadevicetosimplifycalculations.Copernicusadaptedphysicstothedemandsofastronomy,believingthatthepri
8、nciplesofPtolemy'ssystemwereincorrect,notthemathorobservations.Hewasthefirstpersoninhistorytocreateacompleteandgeneralsystem,combiningmathematics,physics,andcosmology.(Ptolemy,forinstance,hadtreatedeachplanetseparately.)Copernicus'ssyst
