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1、PersonalityandSocialPsychologyReviewCopyright©2005by2005,Vol.9,No.4,312–333LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc.ImpulseandConstraint:PerspectivesFromPersonalityPsychology,ConvergenceWithTheoryinOtherAreas,andPotentialforIntegrationCharlesS.CarverDepartmentofPsychologyUniversityofMiamiAbehavioraldimensiono
2、fimpulseversusconstrainthaslongbeenobservedbypersonalitypsychologists.Thisarticlebeginsbyreviewingprocessesunderlyingthisdimensionfromtheperspectivesofseveralpersonalitytheories.Somecasesofconstraintreflectinhibitionduetoanxiety,butsometheoriessuggestotherrootsforconstraint.Theoriesfromdevelopmenta
3、lpsychologyaccommodatebothpossibili-tiesbypositing2sortsofcontroloveraction.Thesemodesofinfluencestronglyre-semblethosepredicatedinsomepersonalitytheoriesandalso2modesoffunctionthatareassertedbysomecognitiveandsocialpsychologicaltheories.Severalfur-therliteraturesareconsidered,towhich2-modemodelsse
4、emtocontributemean-ingfully.Thearticleclosesbyaddressingquestionsraisedbytheseideas,includingwhethertheissueofimpulseversusconstraintappliestoavoidanceaswellastoapproach.ImpulsivenessandconstraintareimportantaspectsOrcutt,&Albino,2003;Lynam,1996)andtherebytoofhumanbehavior.Manytheoriesinpersonality
5、psy-interpersonalconflict.Thepotentialadverseresultschologyaddressthesequalities,doingsofromwidelyrangewidely,includingdisruptionofmaritalstabilitydifferingbackgroundsofassumptionsandmeta-theo-(Kelly&Conley,1987),jobperformance(Hogan&ries(Carver&Scheier,2004).ThetheoriesrangefromHolland,2003),andhe
6、alth-maintainingbehaviorspsychodynamic,totraitandtemperament,tobiologi-(Bogg&Roberts,2004;Hampson,Andrews,calprocess,tocognitiveself-regulationmodels.InBarckley,Lichtenstein,&Lee,2000;Hampson,somecases,theemphasisisontheexistenceofstableSeverson,Burns,Slovic,&Fisher,2001;T.C.Skinner,individualdiffe
7、rencesinthetendencytobeconstrainedHampson,&Fife-Schaw,2002).Thus,consistentex-versusimpulsive.Inothercases,theemphasisisonpressionofimpulseswithoutregardtothefutureandhowprocesseswithinthepersonvaryfromonec
