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1、Shearthickeninginconcentratedsuspensions:phenomenology,mechanisms,andrelationstojammingEricBrownSchoolofNaturalSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,Merced,CA95343HeinrichM.JaegerJamesFranckInstitute,TheUniversityofChicago,Chicago,IL60637(Dated:July1,2013)Shearthickeningisatypeofnon-Newtonianbehaviorinwh
2、ichthestressrequiredtoshearafluidincreasesfasterthanlinearlywithshearrate.Manyconcentratedsuspensionsofparticlesexhibitanespeciallydramaticversion,knownasDiscontinuousShearThickening(DST),inwhichthestresssuddenlyjumpswithincreasingshearrateandproducessolid-likebehavior.Thebestknownexampleofsuchcount
3、er-intuitiveresponsetoappliedstressesoccursinmixturesofcornstarchinwater.Overthelastseveralyears,thisshear-inducedsolid-likebehaviortogetherwithavarietyofotherunusualfluidphenomenahasgeneratedconsiderableinterestinthephysicsofdenselypackedsuspensions.Inthisreview,wediscussthecommonphysicalproperties
4、ofsystemsexhibitingshearthickening,anddifferentmechanismsandmodelsproposedtodescribeit.Wethensuggesthowthesemechanismsmayberelatedandgeneralized,andproposeageneralphasediagramforshearthickeningsystems.Wealsodiscusshowrecentworkhasrelatedthephysicsofshearthickeningtothatofgranularmaterialsandjammedsy
5、stems.SinceDSTisdescribedbymodelsthatrequireonlysimplegenericinteractionsbetweenparticles,weoutlinethebroadercontextofotherconcentratedmany-particlesystemssuchasfoamsandemulsions,andexplainwhyDSTisrestrictedtotheparameterregimeofhard-particlesuspensions.Finally,wediscusssomeoftheoutstandingproblems
6、andemergingopportunities.I.OVERVIEWInafluid,theenergydissipationrateundershearischaracterizedbytheviscosity,definedastheratioofshearstresstoshearrateduringsteadyflow.ForNewto-nianliquidsinwhichthemoleculesinteractinthermody-namicequilibrium,theviscosityisanintrinsicmaterialparameterandisindependentoft
7、heshearrate.Suspend-ingsmallparticlesinaNewtonianliquidcanbringaboutnon-Newtonianbehavior.Inthiscaseviscositymayvarywithshearrate,andinthefieldofrheology,wherethetermviscosityisusedmorebroadly,theviscosityis
