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1、Diglossia:thestateoftheartALANS.KAYEAbstractAlthoughtheFrenchtermdiglossiewasintroducedbytheArabistWilliamMarc°aisin1930(Marc°ais1930),itisthelateCharlesA.Fergusonwhoismostoftencreditedasthefirsttointroducethenotionofa``high''(H)anda``low''(L)varietyorregisterofalangu
2、ageinaclassic(1964[1959])articleinthejournalWordwiththenowfamousone-wordtitle,``Diglossia.''ThegistofhiswidelyinfluentialessaywastodemonstratethattheideaofHandLregistersbestexplainedthepervasivelinguisticdistinctionsobservableinafewspeechcommunitiesconcerningthestrict
3、complementarydistri-butionofformalvs.informalusage.ForFerguson,whocalquedthetermfromtheFrench,therewereonlyfour``defining''languagesthathecon-sideredrepresentative:Arabic,SwissGerman,HaitianCreole,andModernGreek.Thisessayreviewssomeofthevoluminousdiglossialiteraturean
4、dfocusesonthelinguisticsituationintheArabworld,presentingideasaboutfutureresearchprospects(suchasthediglossiccontinuum).AlthoughtheFrenchtermdiglossiewasintroducedbytheArabistWilliamMarcËaisin1930(MarcËais1930),itisthelateCharlesA.Fergusonwhoismostoftencreditedasthe®r
5、sttointroducethenotionofa``high''(H)anda``low''(L)varietyorregisterofalanguageinaclassic(1964[1959])articleinthejournalWordwiththenowfamousone-wordtitle,``Diglossia.''Thegistofhiswidelyin¯uentialessay,whichhasbeenreprintedseveraltimes,wastodemonstratethattheideaofHand
6、Lregistersbestexplainedthepervasivelinguisticdistinctionsobservableinafewspeechcommunitiesconcerningthestrictcomplementarydistributionofformalvs.informalusage.ForFerguson,whocalquedthetermfromtheFrench,therewereonlyfour``de®ning''languagesthatheconsideredrepresentativ
7、e:Arabic,SwissGerman,HaitianCreole,andModernGreek.Sincethen,manyotherlanguages(inactuality,thespeechcommunitiesthatspeakthem)havebeenreevaluatedasdiglossic,0165±2516/01/0152±0117Int'l.J.Soc.Lang.152(2001),pp.117±129#WalterdeGruyter118A.S.Kayealthoughmost,tobesure,aref
8、arlessdiglossicthanArabicis(seefurtherFerguson1996[1991]andalsobelow).Infact,Fergusonpredictedwhatwastocomewhenhearmed(1964[
