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1、CriticalReviewsinMicrobiology,34:43–69,2008CopyrightcInformaHealthcareUSA,Inc.ISSN:1040-841Xprint/1549-7828onlineDOI:10.1080/10408410701710442NanotechnologyandWaterTreatment:ApplicationsandEmergingOpportunitiesJ.Theron,J.A.Walker,andT.E.CloeteDepartmentofMicrobiologyandPl
2、antPathology,UniversityofPretoria,SouthAfrica2000;LeeandSchwab2005;SavageandDiallo2005;MoeandNanotechnology,theengineeringandartofmanipulatingmat-Rheitigans2006).Moreover,increasingpollutionofgroundwa-teratthenanoscale(1–100nm),offersthepotentialofnovelterandsurfacewaterfr
3、omawidevarietyofindustrial,munici-nanomaterialsfortreatmentofsurfacewater,groundwater,andpal,andagriculturalsourceshasseriouslytaintedwaterqualitywastewatercontaminatedbytoxicmetalions,organicandinor-inthesesources,effectivelyreducingthesupplyoffreshwaterganicsolutes,andmi
4、croorganisms.Duetotheiruniqueactivitytowardrecalcitrantcontaminantsandapplicationflexibility,manyforhumanuse(Kemper2004;Foleyetal.2005;Coetseretal.nanomaterialsareunderactiveresearchanddevelopment.Accord-2007).Althoughthenatureofpollutionproblemsmayvary,theyingly,literature
5、aboutcurrentresearchondifferentnanomateri-aretypicallyduetoinadequatesanitation,algalbloomsfertilizedals(nanostructuredcatalyticmembranes,nanosorbents,nanocat-bythephosphorusandnitrogencontainedinhumanandanimalalysts,andbioactivenanoparticles)andtheirapplicationinwaterwast
6、es,detergentsandfertilizers,pesticides,chemicals,heavytreatment,purificationanddisinfectionisreviewedinthisarticle.Moreover,knowledgeregardingtoxicologicaleffectsofengineeredmetals,salinitycausedbywidespreadandinefficientirrigation,nanomaterialsonhumansandtheenvironmentispre
7、sented.andhighsedimentloadsresultingfromupstreamsoilerosion(Ritteretal.2002;FawellandNieuwenhuijsen2003;Mara2003;KeywordsNanotechnology;Nanoparticles;Nanomaterials;WaterRodriguez-Mozazetal.2004;FalconerandHumpage2005;purification;Waterremediation;Wastewatertreatment;Foleyet
8、al.2005).Waterdisinfection;Antimicrobialactivity;ToxicityGiventheimportanceofpotablewater
