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1、WhatisGAMETHEORY?Gametheory isthestudyofstrategic decisionmaking.Specifically,itis"thestudyof mathematicalmodels ofconflictandcooperationbetweenintelligentrationaldecision-makers."[1] Analternativetermsuggested"asamoredescriptivenameforthediscipline"is in
2、teractive decisiontheory.[2] Thesubjectfirstaddressed zero-sumgames,suchthatoneperson'sgainsexactlyequalnetlossesoftheotherparticipantorparticipants.Gametheoryismainlyusedineconomics,politicalscience,andpsychology,aswellaslogic,computerscience,andbiology.
3、Today,however,gametheoryappliestoawiderangeofbehavioralrelations,andhasdevelopedintoan umbrellaterm forthelogicalsideofdecisionscience,includingbothhumansandnon-humans .Elements: the players ofthegame,the information and actions availabletoeachplayerateac
4、hdecisionpoint,andthe payoffs foreachoutcome.Classification纳什均衡(Nashequilibrium），In gametheory,the Nashequilibrium isa solutionconcept ofa non-cooperativegame involvingtwoormoreplayers,inwhicheachplayerisassumedtoknowtheequilibriumstrategiesoftheotherplay
5、ers,andnoplayerhasanythingtogainbychangingonlytheirownstrategy.[1] Ifeachplayerhaschosenastrategyandnoplayercanbenefitbychangingstrategieswhiletheotherplayerskeeptheirsunchanged,thenthecurrentsetofstrategychoicesandthecorrespondingpayoffsconstitutesaNashe
6、quilibrium.TherealityoftheNashequilibriumofagamecanbetestedusing experimentaleconomics method.Statedsimply,AmyandWillareinNashequilibriumifAmyismakingthebestdecisionshecan,takingintoaccountWill'sdecisionwhileWill'sdecisionremainsunchanged,andWillismakingt
7、hebestdecisionhecan,takingintoaccountAmy'sdecisionwhileAmy'sdecisionremainsunchanged.Likewise,agroupofplayersareinNashequilibriumifeachoneismakingthebestdecisionpossible,takingintoaccountthedecisionsoftheothersinthegameaslongtheotherparty'sdecisionremains
8、unchanged.纳什均衡是一种策略组合，使得每个参与人的策略是对其他参与人策略的最优反应。假设有n个局中人参与博弈，如果某情况下无一参与者可以独自行动而增加收益（即为了自身利益的最大化，没有任何单独的一方愿意改变其策略的[1] ），则此策略组合被称为纳什均衡。所有局中人策略构成一个策略组合（StrategyProfile）。纳什均衡，从实质上说，是一种非合作博弈状态。5纳什均衡达成时，并不意味着博弈双方都处于不动的状态，在
