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1、RachidGuerraoui,LusRodriguesIntroductiontoDistributedAlgorithms(PreliminaryDraft)November22,2004Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkLondonParisTokyoHongKongBarcelonaBudapestTowhomitmightconcern.*DRAFT*V(22/11/2004)PrefaceThismanuscriptaimsato eringanintroductorydescriptionofd
2、istributedprogrammingabstractionsandofthealgorithmsthatareusedtoimplementthemindi erentdistributedenvironments.Thereaderisprovidedwithaninsightonimportantproblemsindistributedcomputing,knowledgeaboutthemainalgorithmictechniquesthatcanbeusedtosolvetheseproblems,andexamplesofhowtoa
3、pplythesetechniqueswhenbuildingdistributedapplications.ContentInmoderncomputing,aprogramusuallyexecutesonseveralprocesses:inthiscontext,aprocessisanabstractionthatmayrepresentacomputer,aprocessorwithinacomputer,orsimplyaspeci cthreadofexecutionwithinaprocessor.Thefundamentalprobl
4、emindevisingsuchdistributedprogramsusuallyconsistsinhavingtheprocessescooperateonsomecommontask.Ofcourse,traditionalcentralizedalgorithmicissues,oneachprocessindividually,stillneedtobedealtwith.Theaddeddicultyhereisaboutachievingarobustformofcooperation,despitefailuresordisconne
5、ctionsofsomeoftheprocesses,inherenttomostdistributedenvironments.Hadnonotionofcooperationbeenrequired,adistributedprogramwouldsimplyconsistofasetofdetachedcentralizedprograms,eachrunningonaspeci cprocess,andlittlebene tcouldbeobtainedfromtheavailabilityofseveralmachinesinadistrib
6、utedenvironment.Itwastheneedforcooperationthatrevealedmanyofthefascinatingproblemsaddressedbythismanuscript,problemsthatwouldhaveotherwiseremainedundiscovered.Themanuscript,notonlyexposesthereadertotheseproblemsbutalsopresentswaystosolvethemindi erentcontexts.Notsurprisingly,dist
7、ributedprogrammingcanbesigni cantlysimpli edifthedicultyofrobustcooperationisencapsulatedwithinspeci cabstrac-tions.Byencapsulatingallthetrickyalgorithmicissues,suchdistributedprogrammingabstractionsbridgethegapbetweennetworkcommunicationlayers,usuallyfrugalintermsofreliabilityg
8、uarantees,anddistributedap-plicationlaye
