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1、FINANCIALDIPLOMACYANDTHECREDITCRUNCH:THERISEOECENTRALBANKSNicholasBayneEconomicdiplomacycanbedeñnedasthemethodbywhichstatesconducttheirexternalecononfiicrelations.Itembraceshowtheymakedecisionsdomestically,howtheynegotiateinternationallyandhowthetwoprocessesint
2、eract.EconomicdiplomacyhasbeentransformedinthelasttwodecadeswiththeendoftheColdWarandtheadvanceofglobalization.Itssubjectmatterhasbecomemuchwiderandmorevariedandithaspenetratedmoredeeplyintodomesticpolitics—nolongerbeinglimitedtomeasuresimposedattheborder.Inter
3、nationally,itengagesafarlargerrangeofcountries,includingnewrisingpowerslikeChina,IndiaandBrazil.Yettherelativepowerandresourcesofgovernmentshavebeenshrinking,sothattheyoftenseemtobetryingtodomorewithless.'Governmentshaveadoptedfourbroadstrategiestomeetthenewdem
4、andsmadeonitseconomicdiplomacy.Theyinvolveministers—i.e.cabinet-rankpoliti-cians—farmorealongsidebureaucrats.Theytrytogetnon-stateactors,likeprivatefirmsorcivilsocietybodies,toshareitsburdens.Theyencouragegreatertrans-parencytowidenunderstandingandsupport.Theyu
5、seinternationalinstitutionstoadvancedomesticaswellasexternalaimsandtomakethesystemmoreinclusive.Inmanyareasofeconomicdiplomacy,notablyinternationaltradeandtheglobalenvironment,thesestrategiesyieldedmajoradvancesinthe1990s.TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)—inoperat
6、ionsince1995—embracedalltrade,includingagri-culture,servicesandintellectualproperty,engagedvirtuallyallcountriesandwentdeeplyintodomesticpolicy,aswellasintroducingjudicialsettlementoftradedisputes.In1992,theUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentlaun
7、chedaseriesofbindingtreatiesonissueslikeclimatechangeandbiodiversitywithglobalinstitutionsinsupport.ThiswouldhavebeeninconceivableduringtheColdWar.Financialdiplomacy—asubsetofeconomicdiplomacy—changedmoreslowly.TheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)andWorldBank,whil
8、enotachievingJournalofInternationalAffairs,FallAVinter2008,Vol.62,No.1.FALLAVINTER2008
9、1©TheTrusteesofColumbiaUniversityintheCityofNewYorkNicholasBayneuniversalmenibership,r
