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1、REVIEWSmemorysystemsWheredoyouknowwhatyouknow?TherepresentationofsemanticknowledgeinthehumanbrainKaralynPatterson*,PeterJ.Nestor‡andTimothyT.Rogers§Abstract
2、MrM,apatientwithsemanticdementia—aneurodegenerativediseasethatischaracterizedbythegradualdeteriorationofsemanticmemory—wasbei
3、ngdriventhroughthecountrysidetovisitafriendandwasabletoremindhiswifewheretoturnalongthenot-recently-travelledroute.Then,pointingatthesheepinthefield,heaskedher“Whatarethosethings?”Priortotheonsetofsymptomsinhislate40s,thismanhadnormalsemanticmemory.Whathasgonewronginhisbraintoprodu
4、cethisdramaticandselectiveerosionofconceptualknowledge?Semanticmemory(alsocalledconceptualknowl-Asemantichub?edge)istheaspectofhumanmemorythatcor-ThisReviewfocusesononespecificissue.Essentiallyallrespondstogeneralknowledgeofobjects,wordcurrenttheoreticalpositionsaboutsemanticmemory
5、meanings,factsandpeople,withoutconnectiontosharetheviewthatmuchofthecontentofoursemanticanyparticulartimeorplace1.Knowingthatyoumemoryrelatestoperceptionandaction,andisrepre-ateSzechuanscallopsatthePekingRestaurantinsentedinbrainregionsthatoverlapwith,orpossiblyCambridgelastThursda
6、yeveningisepisodic,notevencorrespondto,theregionsthatareresponsibleforsemantic,memory.KnowingthatSzechuanrefersperceivingandacting4–6.ThisviewabouttheneuraltoaprovinceofChina,thatfoodfromthisregiontendstorepresentationofhowobjectslook,sound,moveandbespicyandthatscallopsaresea-creat
7、uresthatliveinsoonthereforeentailscommitmenttotheideathatbrittlebivalveshellsareallformsofconceptualknowl-conceptualknowledgeisawidelydistributedneuraledge.Memoryforepisodiceventsisnotonlyspecificnetwork.Ourknowledgeofthescallop,forexample,totimesandplaces,itisalsolargelyspecificto
8、anincludesattributessuchasitsvisualfeatures,whichwillindividual.Conceptualknowledge,ontheotherhand,berepresentedinornearthebrainregionsthatanalyseismostlysharedacrossindividualsinagivenculture,visualformandcolour;itsmannerofmovingonthealthoughitsprecisescopedependsontheindividual’s
9、seabed,representedinornear
