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1、3TheRelationofPhysicstoOtherSciences3-1IntroductionPhysicsisthemostfundamentalandall-inclusiveofthesciences,andhas3-1Introductionhadaprofoundeffectonallscientificdevelopment.Infact,physicsisthepresent-3-2Chemistrydayequivalentofwhatusedtobecallednaturalphilosophy
2、,fromwhichmostofourmodernsciencesarose.Studentsofmanyfieldsfindthemselvesstudying3-3Biologyphysicsbecauseofthebasicroleitplaysinallphenomena.Inthischapterwe3-4Astronomyshalltrytoexplainwhatthefundamentalproblemsintheothersciencesare,butofcourseitisimpossibleinsos
3、mallaspacereallytodealwiththecomplex,3-5Geologysubtle,beautifulmattersintheseotherfields.Lackofspacealsopreventsour3-6Psychologydiscussingtherelationofphysicstoengineering,industry,society,andwar,oreventhemostremarkablerelationshipbetweenmathematicsandphysics.(Ma
4、the-3-7Howdiditgetthatway?maticsisnotasciencefromourpointofview,inthesensethatitisnotanaturalscience.Thetestofitsvalidityisnotexperiment.)Wemust,incidentally,makeitclearfromthebeginningthatifathingisnotascience,itisnotnecessarilybad.Forexample,loveisnotascience.S
5、o,ifsomethingissaidnottobeascience,itdoesnotmeanthatthereissomethingwrongwithit;itjustmeansthatitisnotascience.3-2ChemistryThesciencewhichisperhapsthemostdeeplyaffectedbyphysicsischemistry.Historically,theearlydaysofchemistrydealtalmostentirelywithwhatwenowcallin
6、organicchemistry,thechemistryofsubstanceswhicharenotassociatedwithlivingthings.Considerableanalysiswasrequiredtodiscovertheexistenceofthemanyelementsandtheirrelationships—howtheymakethevariousrelativelysimplecompoundsfoundinrocks,earth,etc.Thisearlychemistrywasve
7、ryimportantforphysics.Theinteractionbetweenthetwoscienceswasverygreatbecausethetheoryofatomswassubstantiatedtoalargeextentbyexperimentsinchemistry.Thetheoryofchemistry,i.e.,ofthereactionsthemselves,wassummarizedtoalargeextentintheperiodicchartofMendeleev,whichbri
8、ngsoutmanystrangerelationshipsamongthevariouselements,anditwasthecollectionofrulesastowhichsubstanceiscombinedwithwhich,andhow,thatconstitutedinorganicchemistr
