Supply chain models for small agricultural enterprises

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1、AnnOperRes(2011)190:359374DOI10.1007/s10479-009-0521-8SupplychainmodelsforsmallagriculturalenterprisesWooseungJang·CerryM.KleinPublishedonline:4February2009©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2009AbstractSmallagriculturalproductionenterpriseshavebeenunderimmenseeconomicpressuresformanyyears

2、.Itisourbeliefthatafavorableimpactcanbemadeonsmallfarmenterprisesthroughthedevelopmentandimplementationofmodelsthataddresstheirbasicneedsandopennewmarketsandproductioninitiatives.Inthispaper,wedevelopmodelsforsupplychainissuesfacingsmallfarmers,solvethem,andsuggesttheirusesandfuturecon-si

3、derations.Inparticular,weconsiderB2CandB2Baspectsofanagriculturalsupplychainmodel.TheB2Caspectisconsideredindirectfarmertoconsumersalesinretailmarkets,whiletheB2Baspectisrepresentedbytransactionsthroughagriculturalcooperatives.Weevaluatekeystrategicdecisionssuchaswhethertoformcooperativea

4、greementswithotherfarmersandifso,howlargetomakethecooperative,andtheproductionquantitiesatwhichfarmerswouldliketoselldirectlytocustomerswithorwithoutusingthecooperative.KeywordsORinagriculture·Supplychains·Cooperatives·Optimization1IntroductionAgriculturalproductionisoneofthelargestsegmen

5、tsoftheglobaleconomy.Oneparticularareaofagriculturalproductionthatisstrugglingisthesmallfarmenterprise.Thesmallfarmenterprisehascontinuedtodeclineandfaceseconomichardshipasindustrializedagricul-turegrowsanddictatesthetraditionalmarkets.AccordingtoU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)statistic

6、s,thereare350,000largefarmsthatconsume95%ofinputsandproduce95%ofoutputs.Thedeclineinsmallfarmenterpriseshasbeenalarming.Therehasbeena63%declineinfarmownershipoverthelastseveraldecadesinUSA.Thereisalsoawide-spreadconcernthatsmallfarmersareexcludedfromcoordinatedsupplychains,althoughvanDerM

7、eer(2006)findsmixedempiricalevidence.W.Jang()·C.M.KleinDepartmentofIndustrialandManufacturingSystemsEngineering,UniversityofMissouri-Columbia,E3437LafferreHall,Columbia,MO65211,USAe-mail:jangw@missouri.edu360AnnOperRes(2011)190:359374Fig.1Samplesofagriculturalenterp