The behaviour of gases and liquids

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1、1TheBehaviorofGasesandLiquidsPRINCIPALFACTSANDIDEAS1.Theprincipalgoalofphysicalchemistryistounderstandthepropertiesandbehaviorofmaterialsystemsandtoapplythisunderstandinginusefulways.2.Thestateofasystemisspecifiedbygivingthevaluesofacertainnumberofindependentvariables(statevariables).3.Inanequilibr

2、iumone-phasefluidsystemofonesubstance,threemacroscopicvariablessuchastemperature,volume,andamountofsubstancecanbeindependentvariablesandcanbeusedtospecifythemacroscopicequilibriumstateofthesystem.Atleastoneofthevariablesusedtospecifythestateofthesystemmustbeproportionaltothesizeofthesystem(beextens

3、ive).Othermacroscopicvariablesaremathematicalfunctionsoftheindependentvariables.4.Theintensivestate,whichincludesonlyintensivevariables(variablesthatareindependentofthesizeofthesystem),isspecifiedbyonlytwovariablesinthecaseofanequilibriumone-phasefluidsystemofonesubstance.5.Nonidealgasesandliquidsar

4、edescribedmathematicallybyvariousequationsofstate.6.Thecoexistenceofphasescanbedescribedmathematically.7.Theliquid–gascoexistencecurveterminatesatthecriticalpoint,beyondwhichthereisnodistinctionbetweenliquidandgasphases.8.Thelawofcorrespondingstatesassertsthatintermsofreducedvariables,allsubstance

5、sobeythesameequationofstate.341TheBehaviorofGasesandLiquids1.1IntroductionThisbookisatextbookforastandardtwo-semesterphysicalchemistrycourseattheundergraduatelevel.Physicalchemistryinvolvesbothphysicsandchemistry.Physicshasbeendefinedasthestudyofthepropertiesofmatterthataresharedbyallsub-stances,wh

6、ereaschemistryhasbeendefinedasthestudyofthepropertiesofindi-vidualsubstances.Chemistrygrewoutoftheancientoccultartofalchemy,whichinvolvedamongotherthingstheattemptedtransmutationofcheapermaterialsintogold.Chemistrybeganasacompletelyexperimentalscience.Substanceswerenamedandstudiedwithoutreferenceto

7、theirmolecularstructures.Sulfuricacidwascalled“oilofvitriol,”andchemistsmemorizedthefactthatwhencopperwastreatedwithoilofvitriolasolutionof“bluevitriol”(nowknownascopper(II)sulfate)resulted.IntheAntoineLaurentLav