简明语言学整理笔记

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1、第一章1.linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage2．ThescopeoflinguisticsPhonetics-语音学phonology-音系学morphology-形态学syntax-句法学semantics-语义学pragmatics-语用学从语言形式划分：Sociolinguistics社会语言学，psycholinguistics心理语言学，appliedlinguistics应用语言学3.Importantdistincti

2、onsinlinguisticsDescriptive&>prescriptive规定性&描写性Synchronic&>diachronic共时性&历时性Speech&>writing口语&书写Langue&languagefact)Traditionalgrammer&modernlinguistics4.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystem

3、ofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication5.Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的识别特征CharlesHockett①Arbitrariness(任意性)referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(soundsandmeanings)②Productivity/creativity(能产性）:Languageisproductiveinth

4、atitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers③Duality（双重性）:Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization..④Displac

5、ement(移位性):HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.⑤Culturaltransmission（文化传承性）人独有。动物为基因传承6.FunctionsoflanguageMainfunction：Descreptivefunction描述功能，expressivefunction表达功能，socia

6、lfunction社会功能6basicfunction（RomanJakobson）①addresser-Emotive(情感功能):toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker②addressee-Conative（意动功能）③Context-referential（指称功能）④.message-poetic（诗性功能）.⑤contact-Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流)⑥Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):Halliday–childlangua

7、ge：theideational概念功能，theinterpersonal交际功能，thetextual语篇功能第二章Phology语音学Threebranches：articulatoryphonetics发音语言学，auditoryphonetics听觉语音学，acousticphonetics声学语音学。Organsofspeech：pharyngealcavity咽腔:voiced浊辅音，voiceless清辅音oralcavity口腔，nasalcavity鼻腔。Broad&narrowtranscrip

8、tionclassificationofenglishspeechsound：phonology音系学名词解释Phonetics语音学isofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyar