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1、外文翻译原文TradeinServicesMaterialSource:JOURNALOFTRANSLATIONFROMFOREIGNLITERATURESOFECONOMICS,2007Author:PhilippaDeeWhatisspecialaboutservices?Thesedays,atradetheoristmightsaythereissurprisinglylittlethatisspecialaboutServices.Evenearlypaperslargelydismissedconcernsthatthedeterminantsofc
2、omparativeadvantageinservicesmightdifferfromthoseingoods(HindleyandSmith1984,Deardorff1985).Afewpapersinthelate1980sexaminedsomeoftheimportantcharacteristicsofservices,andhighlightedtheroleoffactorssuchasknowledgeintensity(egMarkusen1989,Melvin1989).Thesesamefactorsweresubsequentlyce
3、ntralto‘newtradetheory’treatmentsoftradeinmanufactures(egGrossmanandHelpmann1991).Itisnowcommonplacetotreatbothmanufacturesandservicesashavingincreasingreturnstoscale,firm-levelproductdifferentiationandDixit-Stiglitzpreferencesamongfirms(egthesurveybyMarkusen1995,Markusen,Rutherforda
4、ndTarr1999,BrownDeardorffandStern2000),1withonlytheinterpretationssometimesdifferingaboutthesourceofthefirm-levelproductdifferentiationandthenatureofthefixedcostsproducingtheeconomiesofscale.Onlytheagriculturalsectorisroutinelytreated,intheoreticalmodelsatleast,asbeingaconstantreturn
5、stoscale,homogeneousproductindustry.Butperhapsthishasasmuchtodowithneedingasimplemechanismtopindownreturnstosectorallymobilefactorsasithastodowithrealityinaworldwhereagriculturalpolicyissuesnowincludegeneticengineering,varietalpropertyrightsandgeographicalindications.Whatisspecialabo
6、utservicestrade?Thereisonecharacteristicofservicestradepolicythatisspecial,andisstartingtoInfluencethewaythatservicestradeitselfismodelled.ThatcharacteristicistheformalrecognitionwithintheWTOofcommercialpresenceasamethodby7whichservicesaretraded.Foreigndirectinvestmentoccursinallsect
7、ors.DeeandHanslow(2001)usedUNandAPECdatatoestimatethatabout20percentofworldFDIstockswereintheprimarysector(agriculture,miningandfoodprocessing),withabout40percenteachinthesecondaryandtertiary(service)sectors.UsingveryroughmethodstoestimatetheoutputbeinggeneratedfromtheseFDIstocks,the
8、yestimatedth
