港口发展指南【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文Guide-linesforportdevelopmentMaterialSource:IntereconomicsAuthor:P.E.StonhemCircumstanceswithinthelastdecadehavecombinedtoforceareviewoftheeconomicoperationsofports.Technologicalchangeinship-pinghasbroughtabouttheintroductionofcontainerandunitizedshipstocarrycontai

2、nerizedandunitizedgeneralcargo.Theseshipsandtheirspecializedcargo-handlingrequirementshavenecessitatedconsiderableportinvestmentinnewberthingandcargo-movingfacilities.Thisrevolutioninshippinggeneralcargohasalsocausedcloserintegrationofseaandlandtransport(viathecommonunit

3、oftransport-thecontainer).Shipownershaveincreasedtheircommercialinterestsinroadtransporttomaximizegainsfromfasterthroughcargotransport.Theaveragesizeofnewbuildingsofbulkcarriersandtankershasgreatlyincreased,requiringdeeperportapproachesandlargeraccommodation.Bulkhandling

4、rateshavebeenimprovedbytheintroductionofmoreefficientbulk-handlingequipmentinports.Apartfromthequalityofportinvestments,changesintradeflowshavecausedchangesinthevolumeofporttradeandtraffic,requiringincreasesinportfacilities.Consequently,inthe1960%governmentshavebecomemuc

5、hmorecloselyconcernedwiththecostsandconditionsofshippingtheirexportandimporttradeandwithminimizingportcostsandmaximizingcargothroughputinports.CriteriaforDevelopmentThemostcommonapproachtothedevelopmentofports,andthatadoptedinthepastbyportauthorities,iswhatwouldcurrently

6、becalledtheOperationsResearchapproach.Portprojectsareevaluated,onthisbasis,bystudyingcurrentandforecastcargovolumeandshippingtrafficflowsinaperiodtogetherwiththedistributionofshippingcallsovertheperiodsoastocalculateportandberthusage.Ifnewprojectsarebeingcontemplated(bec

7、auseoftheneedtoservicenewtypesofvesselslikecontainerships),calculationsneedtobemadeabouttheexpectedvolumeoftradesuitableforcontainerizations,thefrequencyanddurationofshippingcalls,throughUniversityofNewcastle,Australia.putofcontainerizedcargo,andsoon.Suchcalculationsofno

8、n-monetaryquantitiescanbeprogrammed.Againstpossibleincreasesinoperationalefficiencyitisthenpossibletodi