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1、外文翻译原文Domesticregulation,internationalstandards,andtechnicalbarrierstotradeMaterialSource:GriffithLawSchool,GriffithUniversity,Queensland,AustraliaAuthor:JANMCDONALD2.TheTBTAandinternationalstandards2.1TheTBTA’sharmonizationobjectivesIthaslongbeenacceptedtha
2、tdomesticpoliciesandlawscannullifyorimpairthepurportedbenefitsoftradepolicies,andthattheWTOmustthereforereachbeyondbordermeasures(Bhagwati,1996:23–24).TheGATT’snationaltreatmentandMFNobligationsdothistosomeextent,butthegrowthinnon-tariffbarrierstotradeduring
3、the1960s–1970spromptedGATTpartiestonegotiatetheStandardsCode,thepredecessortotheTBTA,intheTokyoRound.TheadditionoftheSPSAduringtheUruguayRoundstemmedfromthefailuresoftheStandardsCodetocurtailthegrowthintechnicalregulationsinfoodandagriculturalproducts(Marcea
4、uandTrachtman,2002:813–815).TheTBTAanditscompaniononfoodandplantsafetynowaddconsiderablytothedisciplinesondomesticregulatoryautonomythatarecontainedintheGATT.ThePreambletotheTBTAshedslightontheAgreement’sunderlyingharmonizationclaims.Itskeytradeconcernsareto
5、promotetransparencybyeliminatingacountry’sabilitytochooserulesthathavegreaterprotectiveeffectandtofacilitatetradeexpansionwithassociatedeconomiesofscale(TBTA,Preamble;WTOCTBT,1995,annex4,Principle10).Theseobjectivesdonotnecessarilyrequireregulatoryharmonizat
6、ionintheformofasingleinternationalstandardorrule.Ifthebasisoftheclaimforharmonizationissimplytoachieveeconomiesofscaleortoaddresstransparencyconcerns,CassisdeDijonmakesclearthatmutualrecognitionwouldbeequallyappropriate(Leebron,1996;Bhagwati,1996:9;Bhagwatia
7、ndSrinivasan,1996:15).Butmutualrecognitiondoesnotrespondtoconcernsthattheregulatoryregimeofanothercountryimposestransboundarycosts,hinderstheimplementationofdomesticlaws,orissomehow‘unfair’(Leebron,1996:94).Suchconcernsfrequentlyunderpindomesticregulationinf
8、ieldsofconsumersafetyandenvironmentalhealth.Accordingly,theTBTAstrivesforabalancebetweentradefacilitationanddomesticregulatoryobjectives.ItsstartingpremiseistherightofMemberstointroduceproductre
