公共产品边际收益和边际成本1.ppt

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1、GovernmentinterventionMethodofGov’tinterventionTaxationSubsidiesBufferstocksPollutionpermitsStateprovisionRegulation–quality&quantitycontrols(quotas)ExtendingpropertyrightsCompetitionpolicyPricestabilization–toavoidinflationPrivateGoodsCharacteristicsofPrivategoods–Excludable–youmustpaytoconsumeex.a

2、mealinarestaurantisclearlyaprivategood.Rival:theconsumptionbyonepersonreducestheamountforothers.Exscarceresourcesareusedupinproducing&supplyingthegoodorservice.YouorderpizzafrompizzahutthepizzaisnolongeravailableforsomeoneelseRejectability:Privategoods&servicescanberejected-ifyoudon'tlikethesouponth

3、ecollegeorschoolmenu,youcanuseyourmoneytobuysomethingelsePublicownership&PublicgoodsThisiswherethegovernmentownbusinessesPublicgoods–theseareservicesthatareprovidedbythegov’t.Purepublicgoodshavethefollowingfeatures-Nonexcludability–everyonecanconsumethegoodswhethertheypayornotNonrivalryinconsumption

4、=consumptionbyonepersondoesnotreducetheavailabilityforothers(ex.Streetlighting&nationaldefenceAdvantages&disadvantagesofpublicownershipAdvantagesProvidesjobswhichareusuallyprotectedsoreducesunemploymentFiniteresourcessuchaswaterandenergycanbeguaranteedandcontrolledAbletoprovideessentialservicestothe

5、wholecountryDisadvantagesHighercostsforthegovernmentwhichmeanshighertaxesInefficiency–publicorganisationsareofteninefficientduetodiseconomiesofscaleGovernmentandpoliticalinterferencemayreduceefficiencyofoperationsQuasi-PublicGoodsgoods(itisanearpublicgood)CanfindArenon-purepublicgoods–thesearealsokn

6、ownasquasi-publicwaystoexcludepeoplefromconsumingthemSemi-non-rival:uptoapoint,extraconsumersusingapark,beachorroaddonotreducetheamountoftheproductavailabletootherconsumersAdditionalconsumersmayreducetheamountiftheseplacesarecrowdedSemiexcludable:itispossiblebutoftendifficultorexpensivetoexcludenon-

7、payingconsumers.E.g.fencingaparkorbeachandcharginganentrancefee;PublicVersusPrivateGoodsFourtypesofgoodsPrivateGoodsIcecreamconesClothingCongestedtollroadsNaturalMonopoliesFireprotectionCableTVUnconge