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1、Coronaviruses:GeneralFeatures549Coronaviruses:GeneralFeaturesDCavanaghandPBritton,InstituteforAnimalHealth,Compton,UKã2008ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.andproduceanestedsetofsubgenomicmRNAs(nidus,GlossaryLatinfornest).Todate,coronaviruseshavebeenplacedInfecti
2、ouscloneAfull-lengthDNAcopyofanRNAintooneofthreegroups(Table1).Initially,thiswasonthevirusgenomefromwhichfull-lengthviralRNAcanbebasisofserologicalrelationshipswhichsubsequentlyhavegenerated,leadingtoproductionofinfectiousvirus.beensupportedbygenesequencing.N
3、idovirales(nidoviruses)Anordercomprisingpositive-senseRNAcoronaviruses,toroviruses,arteriviruses,andronivirusesthathaveacommonVirionPropertiesgenomeorganizationandexpression,similar–1replication/transcriptionstrategies,andformaVirionshaveabuoyantdensityofappr
4、oximately1.18gmlnestedsetof30co-terminalsubgenomicmRNAsinsucrose.Beingenvelopedviruses(Figure1(a)),theyare(nidus,Latinfornest).destroyedbyorganicsolventssuchasetherandchloroform.RibosomalframeshiftingMovement(shift)backwardbyonenucleotideofaribosomethatisonan
5、RNA,causedbyparticularRNAstructuresandVirionStructureandCompositionsequences.Subsequentcontinuationoftheprogressoftheribosomeisinadifferentopenreadingframe.Allcoronaviruseshavefourstructuralproteinsincommon(Figure1(b)):alargesurfaceglycoprotein(S;c.1150–1450a
6、minoacids);asmallenvelopeprotein(E;c.100aminoacids,presentinverysmallamountsinvirions);integralIntroductionmembraneglycoprotein(M;c.250aminoacids);andaphosphorylatednucleocapsidprotein(N;c.500aminoCoronavirusesareknowntocausediseaseinhumans,otheracids).Group2
7、aviruseshaveanadditionalstructuralmammals,andbirds.Theycausemajoreconomicloss,glycoprotein,thehemagglutinin-esteraseprotein(HE;sometimesassociatedwithhighmortality,inneonatesofc.425aminoacids).Thisisnotessentialforreplicationsomedomesticspecies(e.g.,chickens,
8、pigs).Inhumans,invitroandmayaffecttropisminvivo.theyareresponsibleforrespiratoryandentericdiseases.Virionsarec.120nmindiameter,althoughtheycanbeCoronavirusesdonotnecessarilyobservespecies