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1、97年1月TOFEL阅读(Page161-163>CQuestion1-8BoththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleintheUnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitsexpandedrapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingtheCivilWar,withsomeofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomainsoftransportation,manufacturing,andtradeanddistribution.The
2、developmentoftherailroadandtelegraphsystemsduringthemiddlethirdofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeed,volume,andregularityofshipmentsandcommunications,makingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods.b5E2RGbCAPInagriculture,thetransformationw
3、asmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevators,thecottonpresses,thewarehouses,andthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation'sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem.Inmanufacturing,thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofa"newfactorysystem"inwhichplantsbecamelarger,morecomplex,
4、andmoresystematicallyorganizedandmanaged.Andindistribution,thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthejobber,thewholesaler,andthemassretailer.Thesechangesradicallyalteredthenatureofworkduringthehalfcenturybetween1870and1920.p1EanqFDPwTobesure,therewerestillsmallworkshops,whereskilledcraftsp
5、eoplemanufacturedproductsrangingfromnewspaperstocabinetstoplumbingfixtures.Therewerethesweatshopsincitytenements,wheregroupsofmenandwomeninhouseholdsettingsmanufacturedclothingorcigarsonapieceworkbasis.Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhat
6、wereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexistedwithinasinglebuildings.Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrom2.7millionin1880to4.5millionin1900to8.4millionin1920,thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned,asdidthesizeoftheaverageplant.(TheBaldwi
7、nWorkshad600employeesin1855,3,000in1875,and8,000in1900.>By1920,atleastinthenortheasternUnitedStateswheremostofthenation'smanufacturingwageearnerswereconcentrated,three-quartersofthoseworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employeesand30percentworked
