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1、ReadingComprehensionForyears,psychologists(心理学家)havebeenagainstgivingchildrenprizesormoneyfortheirperformanceinschool.“Outwards"prizes,theysay,canunderminethejoyoflearningforitsowngoodandcanevenleadtocheating.Butmanyeconomists(经济学家)andbusinesspeopledisagree
2、,andtheiropinionsoftenbecomepopularintheeducationalmarketplace.Prizeprogramsthatpaystudentsareunderwayinmanycities.Insomeplaces,studentscanbringhomehundredsofdollarsfor,say,takinganAdvancedPlacementcourseandhavinghighgradesintheexams.“Whethersucheffortswork
3、continuestobeadebate(争议),”saidBarbaraMarian,anassistantprofessorofeducationatPennsylvaniaState.Sheisagainstusingprizesasencouragement.Amongparents,itoftenleadstoveryhotdiscussion.Andinpubliceducation,anewfocusonschoolreform(改革)pushesresearchersonbothsidesof
4、thedebatetomakemoreeffortstogetdata(数据)thatmayprovideinformationonwhenandwhetherprizeswork.“Wehavetogetbeyondourbiases(偏见),"saidRolandFryer,aneconomistatHarvardUniversitywhoisplanningandtestingseveralprizeprograms.“Luckily,thescientificmethodallowsustoexami
5、nemostofthosebiasesandletthedatadothetalking."Inthecashprogramsbeingstudied,RolandFryerandothereconomistscomparetheschoolperformanceofgroupsofstudentswhoarepaidandstudentswhoarenot.Inthestudy,theyfindthatthestudentswhoareprizedgethighergradesontheSATandgoto
6、bettercollegesthanthosewhoarenot.However,manypsychologistsbelievethatearlydatacanbeone-sided.Researchsuggeststhatprizesmayworkintheshorttermbuthavebadinfluencesinthelongterm.“Aretheyhighlyinterestedinwhattheyaredoing?Ordoesitfeellikehardwork?Thesameprizepro
7、grammighthavedifferentinfluencesondifferentkindsofstudents,"saidKiraboJackson,afamouspsychologistatCornellUniversity.“Thehighertheprizeis,themoreharmfultheresultmightbe.”81.Theunderlinedword“undermine"inParagraphlmostprobablymeans”______”.A.understandB.exam
8、ineC.killD.protect82FromParagraph2andParagraph3,wecanlearnthat______.A.thestudents’parentswelcomeprizeprogramsB.prizeprogramsaregettingpopularinmanycitiesC.thegovernmentprovidesmoneyforprizeprogramsD.a
