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1、七个文化维度1.UNIVERSALISMversusPLURALISM“Whatismoreimportant–rulesorrelationships?”Thedegreeofimportanceacultureassignstoeitherthelawortopersonalrelationships.Inauniversalisticculture,peoplesharethebeliefthatgeneralrules,codes,valuesandstandardstakeprecedenceovertheneedsandclaims
2、offriendsandotherrelationships.Inapluralisticculture,peopleseecultureintermsofhumanfriendshipandintimaterelationships.Whilerulesdoexistinapluralisticculture,theymerelycodifyhowpeoplerelatetooneanother.2.INDIVIDUALISMversusCOMMUNITARISNISM“Dowefunctionasagrouporasindividuals?
3、”Thedegreetowhichpeopleseethemselvesfunctionmoreasacommunityormoreasindividuals.Inaprincipallyindividualisticculture,peopleplacetheindividualbeforethecommunity.Thismeansthatindividualhappiness,fulfilmentandwelfareprevailsandpeopletaketheirowninitiativeandtakecareofthemselves
4、.Inaprincipallycommunitarianculture,peopleplacethecommunitybeforetheindividual.Thus,itistheresponsibilityoftheindividualtoactinwayswhichservesociety.Indoingso,individualneedsareautomaticallyattended.3.SPECIFICversusDIFFUSE“Howfartowegetinvolved?”Thedegreetowhichresponsibilit
5、yisspecificallyassignedorisdiffuselyaccepted.Inaspecificculture,peoplefirstanalysetheelementsindividuallyandthenputthemtogether,thewholeisthesumofitsparts.People’slivesaredividedaccordinglyand,onlyasinglecomponentcanbeenteredatatime.Interactionsbetweenpeopleareverywell-defin
6、ed.Specificindividualsconcentrateonhardfacts,standardsandcontracts.Adiffuselyorientedculturestartswiththewholeandseesindividualelementsfromtheperspectiveofthetotal.Allelementsarerelatedtooneanother.Relationshipsbetweenelementsaremoreimportantthanindividualelements.4.AFFECTIV
7、ITYversusNEUTRALITY“Dowedisplayouremotions?”Thedegreetowhichindividualsdisplaytheiremotions.Inanaffectiveculture,peopledisplaytheiremotionsanditisnotdeemednecessarytohidefeelings.However,inaneutralculture,peoplearetaughtnottodisplaytheirfeelingsovertly.Thedegreetowhichfeelin
8、gsbecomemanifestedisthereforeminimal.Whileemotionsarefelt,theyarecontrolled
