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1、曼昆微观经济学第二章EveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyEconomicsSupplyDemandElasticityConsumerSurplusComparativeadvantageOpportunitycostDeadweightlossTheEconomistasaScientistTheeconomicwayofthinking...Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.Makesuseofthescientificmethod.TheSci
2、entificMethodUsesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.Developstheories,collects,andanalyzesdatatoprovethetheories.Observation,TheoryandMoreObservation!TheRoleofAssumptionsEconomistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.Theartinscientif
3、icthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomake.Economistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.EconomicModelsEconomistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworld.Twoofthemostbasiceconomicmodelsinclude:TheCircularFlowModelTheProductionPoss
4、ibilitiesFrontierTheCircular-FlowModelThecircular-flowmodelisasimplewaytovisuallyshowtheeconomictransactionsthatoccurbetweenhouseholdsandfirmsintheeconomy.TheCircular-FlowDiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarketforFactorsofProductionMarketforGoodsandServicesSpendingRevenueWages,rent,
5、andprofitIncomeGoods&ServicessoldGoods&ServicesboughtLabor,land,andcapitalInputsforproductionTheCircular-FlowDiagramHouseholdsBuyandconsumegoodsandservicesOwnandsellfactorsofproductionFirmsProduceandsellgoodsandservicesHireandusefactorsofproductionTheCircular-FlowDiagramM
6、arketsforFactorsofProductionHouseholdssellFirmsbuyMarketsforGoods&ServicesFirmssellHouseholdsbuyTheCircular-FlowDiagramFactorsofProductionInputsusedtoproducegoodsandservicesLand,labor,andcapitalTheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphsh
7、owingthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtechnology.TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierQuantityofComputersProducedQuantityofCarsProduced3,00001,0002,0007001,000300AB2,200600CDConceptsIllustratedbytheProductio
8、nPossibilitiesFrontierEfficiencyTradeoffsOpportunityCostEconomicGrowth4,000TheProduction Possibi
