Field_4Ce_IM_Ch16

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1、Field&OlewilerEnvironmentalEconomics4Ce–Instructor’sManualChapter16Chapter16WATERPOLLUTION-CONTROLPOLICYObjectivesTheprimaryaimofthischapteristoexaminethemaincharacteristicsoffederalandprovincialwaterpollutioncontrolpolicythatcarryonthemesdevelopedinChapter15andusetheanaly

2、ticalframeworkdevelopedinChapters10through14toassessthesepolicies.CanadianpoliciesarecontrastedwiththoseintheU.S.Examplesaregivensothatcanlearnfromtheirsuccessesandproblems.MainPointsThechapterstartswithsomeintroductorymaterialonthephysicalandchemicalnatureofwaterpollution

3、,focusedaroundabriefdiscussionoftheoxygensagphenomenonfordegradablepollutantsinwaterbodies(Figure16-1).Historicalperspectivesonfederalandprovincialpoliciesarepresentednext.Thefocusofthissectionisontheverymodestamountoflegislationinplaceatthefederalandprovinciallevels.Canad

4、ahasalong-standingenvironmentalregulationintheformofthe1868FisheriesActthatbansthedischargeofsubstancesdeleterioustofish.But,applicationandenforcementofthislegislationhasbeeninconsistent.Ontario'swaterpollutionpolicy--MISAishighlightedasanexampleofprovincialinitiatives.The

5、detailsofMISAarenotassignificantasitsbasicpremise--acommand-and-controlpolicythatisbasedonregulationoftechnologyratherthaneconomicincentives.Therestofthechaptercoversessentiallytwotopics:theeconomicsoftechnology-basedemissionstandardsandnewdirectionsinwaterpollutioncontrol

6、policy:emissionpermits.Thereisarelativelylongdiscussionontheestablishmentoftechnology-basedemissionstandards.Aleadingideaisthatconceptslike"BestAvailableTechnology,"or"BestPracticableTechnology,"incorporateakindofengineeringjudgmentonwhetherhigherdegreesofcontrolarejustifi

7、edbythecost.Therearesectionsontheimplicationsofatechnology-basedeffluentstandardsystemforshort-runcost-effectivenessandforlong-runincentivesfortechnologicalimprovements.Thesystemperformsbadlyonbothofthesecriteria.StudentsmayquestiontherelativelyancientresultspresentedinTab

8、le16-4;theyrefertothehistoricDelawareEstuaryStudythatwasdoneinthe1960s.Buttheconceptualpo