Field_4Ce_IM_Ch17

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1、Field&OlewilerEnvironmentalEconomics4Ce–Instructor’sManualChapter17Chapter17AIRPOLLUTION-CONTROLPOLICYObjectiveTheaimhereistogivesimilartreatmenttoairpollution-controlpolicyasthelastchapterdidtowater-pollutionpolicy.Thechapterdescribesthemainfeaturesof

2、federalandprovincialpolicies.EconomicprinciplesandpolicyproblemsareillustratedwithsomespecificexamplessuchastaxesonleadedgasolineandCanadianacidrainpolicies.ComparisonswithU.S.policiesareagainundertakentoprovideperspectiveonCanadianactionsandtolearnfro

3、mU.S.experience.MainPointsThechapterisdividedintoasectiononCanadianpoliciesandadiscussionofsomeofthefeaturesofU.S.policies.Webeginbyidentifyingthemajorairpollutantsandthetypesofdamagescaused.Figures2-4to2-6canbeusedtoillustratechangesinambientairqualit

4、yforthepast40years.Itisimportanttoemphasizethatthisisa"before/after"discussion,nota"with/without,"soitshouldbeapproachedwithcaution.Thenumbersshowmodestdeclinesforthemostpart,exceptforgroundlayerozoneandhydrocarbonsthathaveincreased.Fourquestionsarepos

5、ed:aretheimprovementsduetopolicy,aretheycosteffective,areguidelinessufficienttoensurehumanandecosystemhealth,andwhyaretherefewincentive-basedpolicies.Thesequestionsservetointegratethematerialthroughouttherestofthechapter.Thenextstepistosketchtherecenth

6、istoryoffederalandprovincialairpollutioninitiatives.Weemphasizethatthereisverylittleactualregulation.Mostofourpoliciesestablishguidelinesortargetlevelsofemissionsorairquality,notprecisestandards.Mostofthepoliciesarecommandandcontrol.Animportantexceptio

7、nwasthetaxleviedonleadedgasoline.Althoughthefederalgovernmentsetadeadlinefortheremovalofleadingasoline,theproductessentiallydisappearedfromthemarketonceitspriceexceededthatofunleadedgasoline.Thisisastrikingexampleofthepowerofanincentive-basedpolicy.Adm

8、ittedly,itisarelativelysimpleproblem.Fourpolicyissuesarehighlightedinboxesandrelatedtothequestionsposedabove;thenon-degradationdilemma,differentialtreatmentofnewversesexistingsources;theuniformityofstandardsundertheNAAQOs,andlastlythein