ligand–receptor binding and determination of free concentrations

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1、11Ligand
ReceptorBindingandDeterminationofFreeConcentrationsFlorinMarcelMusteataDepartmentofPharmaceuticalSciences,AlbanyCollegeofPharmacyandHealthSciences,Albany,NY,USA11.1IntroductionBioanalyticalchemistryisplayinganincreasinglycentralroleinthefieldsofaca-demicandindustrialscience.Itoverla

2、pswithadiverserangeofdisciplines,includ-1ingbiotechnology,biopharmaceuticalsanddiagnostics.Bioanalyticalchemistrycanbedefinedasthedevelopmentandapplicationofchemicalmeasurementsandinstrumentationtoproblemsinbiology,biochemistryandmedicalscience.Forthepharmaceuticalindustry,bioanalyticalchemi

3、stryisoftensynonymouswithmea-surementsinbiologicalsamples,typicallyinsupportofinvestigationsofdrug2metabolismandpharmacokinetics.Biologicalmaterialsandpharmaceuticalproductsareverycomplexmixtures.Theyoftencontainproteins,salts,acids,basesandnumerousorganiccompoundsthatmaybesimilartotheanalyt

4、eofinterest.Furthermore,theanalytesoftenexistatlowconcentrationinthesesamples.Despitesignificantadvancesinthedevelop-mentofhighlyefficientanalyticalinstrumentsfortheend-pointdeterminationofanalytesinbiologicalsamplesandpharmaceuticalproducts,apre-treatmentstepisusuallynecessarytoextractandis

5、olatetheanalytesofinterestfromcomplexmatri-ces.Thegoalofsamplepreparationistoeliminateinterferingcompoundsfromthematrixusingaminimumnumberofsteps,resultinginareproduciblemethodology.Manyofthecurrentsamplepreparationchallengesareaddressedbysolid-phasemicroextraction(SPME),whichwasspecifically

6、developedtoproviderapidsamplepreparationbothinthelaboratoryandon-site(wheretheinvestigatedsystemislocated).ThischapterpresentsrecentadvancesandfuturetrendsinSPMEmethoddevelop-mentfortheanalysisofendogenousandexogenouscompoundsinbiologicalsamples,withafocusonthedeterminationoffreeconcentratio

7、nsandbindingconstants.11.2AnalysisofBiologicalSamplesAnalysisofdrugsinbiologicalsamplesandpharmaceuticalproductsisgrowinginimportancebecauseoftheneedtounderstandtherapeuticandtoxiceffectsofdrugsHandbookofSolidPhaseMicroextraction.DOI:10.1016/B978-0