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1、...36...THEMATERIALISMOFWANGFU-CHIHITHASTAKENtwohundredyearstoappreciatethephilosophicalsignificanceofWangFu-chih(WangCh'uan-shan,1619-1692).Sonofascholar,hepassedthecivilserviceexaminationandobtainedthefirstdegreein1642.Bythattime,theManchuswerealreadyoverrunningChina.In1648,astheManchusoppress
2、edhisnativeprovinceofHunan,heraisedasmallarmytofightthemandtosavetheMingdynasty(1368-1644).Afterhisinevitabledefeat,heretiredattheageofthirty-threetothemountainsnearhishome,andforfortyyearsdedicatedhislifetowriting,coveringbothancientandmodernperiods,andTaoistandBud-dhistaswellasConfucianschools
3、.1Buthewaspracticallyforgottenuntilalmostacenturylater,andhismanyworks,ofwhichseventy-sevenhavesurvived,werenotpublisheduntilthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Eventhenattentionwasattractedonlytohisboldpoliticaltheoryandunorthodoxinterpretationofhistory.Itwasnotuntilourowntimethathisuniquephilosoph
4、ywasappreciated.Becauseofhismaterialism,hehasbeenpraisedinCommunistChinaasoneofthegreatestphilosophersinChinesehistory.2Asidefromideologicalconsiderations,hisphilosophyissignificantinmoresensesthanone.Hewasanindependentthinker,attackingboththerationalisticNeo-ConfucianismofSung(960-1279)andtheid
5、ealis-ticNeo-ConfucianismofMingandmovinginanewdirection.Insodoing,heanticipated,thoughdidnotdirectlyinfluence,Chinesethoughtinthefollowingtwocenturies.OnemayevensaythatheinauguratedthemodemeraofChinesephilosophy.Wangrejectedthecentralthesisofbothrationalisticandidealisticschools,namely,thatprinc
6、iple(li)isauniversaltranscendingandpriortomaterialforce(ch'i).Instead,hecontendedthatprincipleisidenticalwiththematerialforce,notafinishedproductthatcanbegrasped,buttheorderandarrangementofthings.Therearenosuchtranscenden-talandabstractthingsastheGreatUltimateorthePrincipleofNature(T'ien-li).The
7、y,alongwiththemindandthenatureofthings,areallwithinmaterialforce.ThisphilosophyisessentiallysimilartothatofChangTsai(ChangHeng-ch'ü,1020-1077),andWanghasbeencorrectlydescribedasChang'ssuccessor.ButheactuallywentbeyondChang.W
