寡头和垄断竞争

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1、寡头和垄断竞争第10章1不完全竞争者的行为10.12市场势力Marketpowersignifies(表示)thedegreeofcontrolthatafirmorasmallnumberoffirmshasoverthepriceandproductiondecisionsinanindustry.Themostcommonmeasureofmarketpoweristhefour-firmconcentrationratio.3FirmOutputFirm125Firm220Firm315Firm410Firm58F

2、irm67Firm75Firm85Firm93Firm102=704企业集中度ConcentrationRatios:c4=q1+q2+q3+q425+20+15+10100Q==70%4CigarettesHouseholdrefrigeratorsElectriclightbulbsMotorvehiclesGreetingcardsBlastfurnacesScrewproducts5%_4%Tools,dies,andjigs3%_2%93%82%86%84%84%37%7%16%8%7%4%21%4largest

3、companiesNext4largestcompanies5集中度测定时要注意的Conventionalconcentrationmeasuresincludeonlydomesticproductionandexcludeimports.Conventionalconcentrationmeasuresalsoignorethegrowingimpactofcompetitionfromotherindustries.6不完全竞争的性质Economistshavefoundthatthreemajorfactorsar

4、epresentinimperfectlycompetitivemarkets:CostsBarrierstocompetitionStrategicinteraction(策略互动)7不完全竞争的结果Inefficientallocationofresources:P>MCHighlevelsofR&Dspendingperdollarofsales.8不完全竞争的理论Threeofthemostimportantcasesofimperfectcompetition:Collusiveoligopoly(合谋寡头)Mo

5、nopolisticcompetitionSmall-numberoligopoly9策略互动Strategicinteractionisatermthatdescribeshoweachfirm’sbusinessstrategydependsontheirrivals’strategies.Asthenumberoffirmsinanindustryshrink(减少),eachfirmismorelikelytobasepricingandoutputdecisionsonhowotherfirmsarelikely

6、torespond.10寡头的合作与非合作选择Whenthereareonlyasmallnumberoffirmsinamarket,theyhaveachoicebetweencooperative(合作)andnoncooperative(非合作)behavior.11合谋Collusionoccurswhenoneormorefirmsjointly(共同地)setpricesoroutputs,dividethemarketamongthemselves,ormakeotherbusinessdecisionsj

7、ointly.Suchcollusioncanbeeitherexplicitortacit(公开的或默许的).12公开合谋Oneexampleofexplicit(清楚的，公开的)collusionwouldbethatoftheGildedAgeoligopolists(市场供应垄断者)intheearlyyearsofAmericancapitalism.Theseoligopolistsformedtrustsorcartels(托拉斯或卡特尔)tosetprices.13美国的反托拉斯法《谢尔曼法》是在1890年

8、通过的，100多年来基本未变。它有两条主要条款：第1条，任何限制州际或与外国的贸易和商业的合同、托拉斯或其他形式的合并或阴谋，都是非法的。第2条，任何将实行垄断、或企图实行垄断、或与他人合并或密谋策划以谋求对州际或与外国的贸易和商业的任一部分实行垄断的人，均将被视为犯罪。14以后的变化1974年，对谢尔