仁爱版初中英语语法大全1

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英语语法网络图一.名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，可数名词/、口」数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives的词加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以车有音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys以车仔音字母加-o结尾的名词一M加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes6不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:业则|例词1攻变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geessmouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli, 6“数形式表示特别含义customs（海关），forces（车队），times（时代），spihts（情绪），drinks（饮料），sands（沙滩），papers（文作报纸）,manners（礼貌）,100ks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）greens（青菜）,ruins（废墟）7表不“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,SwedesEuropeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名司将主体名词义为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表小无生命的东西。1.'航有格的构成：3只有复数形式4一些集体名词总是用作复数yuan,jin,ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,compasses,contents笆分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也1以作复数（成员）people,police,cattle,staffaudience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,teampublic,enemy,party单数名词在末尾加’stheboy'sfather,Jack'sbook,hin-son'sphoto,复数名词般在末尾加’theteachers'room,thetwins'mother,不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren'stoys,women'srights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’或者’Dickens'novels,Charles'sjob,theSmithsuse表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加’SJapan'sandAmerica'problems,Jane'sandMary'bikes卡示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s表示“某人家MM店铺M,所有格后名词省略JapanandAmerica'sproblems,JaneandMarythedoctor's,thebarber's,thetailor'sfathers,myuncle2.'师有格的用法: 1表示时间today'snewspaper,fiveweeks'holiday2表示自然现象theearth'satmosphere,thetree'sbranches3表小国家城巾等地方的名词thecountry'splan,theworld'spopulation,China'4表示工作群体theship'screw,majorityview,theteam'svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile'sjourney,fivedollars'worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife'stime,theplay'splot7某些固定词组abird'seyeview,astone'sthrow,atone不矢口厮神)'sindustrsend(2.of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词：thestruggleoftheoppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1类人或事，相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表小每■相当丁,every,oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表不相同相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人启类似性质的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定词组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so（as,too,how）+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表十类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示"家人”或失妇”theGreens,theWangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren. 8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前，AT世纪的某个年代inthe1990's11用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.零冠词的用法:12专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air名词tWTthis,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日二餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring41表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.56学科，谛言，球类，棋类名词前与by连用表示交通工具的名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.bytrain,byair,byland7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.三.代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性一my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词Jthis,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherI.不定代词用法注意点:1.one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为onessome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.1)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?2)some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.3)some和数词连用表示失约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?1.each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.2.none和no：no等于notany,作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.3.other和another:1)other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个，复数为theothers。如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.2)another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanotehr(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.4.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.四．形容词和副词I.形容词： 1.形容词的位置：1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置:1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible结尾的形谷血J引置于有最局级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5成对的形容记!可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词质态性状大小形状新旧温度颜色国籍料地一材质名词allbothsuchahethisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3）复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue71名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII.副词副词的分类:1时间副Hsoon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never 2地点副同here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方式副同hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副同almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副词when,where,why111.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。112级比较时常常用as…as••以及notso(as)…as如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.113以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。114示一方随另一方变化时用“themore-themore句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.115比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.116示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.117示最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五.介词I.介词分类：1简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介词fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分词转化成的介词considering（就而论），including6形容词转化成的介词like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介词区别:1表示时间的in,on,atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子肩关2表示时间的since,since指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的表atern指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in,on,ton表小在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表小在…上”的on,non只表小在某物的表面上，in表小占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的through,acrossthrough表小从内部通过，与in启美，across表小在表面上通过，与on启美7表示关于”的about,onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表小在两者之|可，among用于二者或二者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指除了•一还有再加上"，except指除了，减去什么”，不放在句首10表示用”的in,withwith表不具体的工具，in表小材料，方式，力法，度量，单位，语百，声首.11as与like的区别as总为作为，以•一地位或身份，like为象•一一样，指情形相似12in与into区别n通常表小位直（静态）,into表小动向，/、表小目的地或位置六.动词I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在对过去时将来时过去将来时ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加巳经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.（已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）2）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加过“，了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。 如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住）IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）2.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。3.一般将来时的表达方式：你来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表小将来发生的动件或行在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形含有打算，计划，即将”做杲事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It'sgoingtoclearup.Weregoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进行时表小将来go,come,start,move,leavearrive等词可用进行时表小按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+动同原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+动词原形表小按计划进行或征求对方意见Weretomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo'clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.动词的被动语态:常用被动活态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked 5现在进行am/is/arebeingasked10含有W态动can/must/maybeasked时词的-主息i■被动语会的否止式是仕第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词义为被动态。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语4一般可用被动结构表示。如:tisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…tiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…tisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…卜曲主动形式常表示被动意义：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon'tshut./Theplaywon'tact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.卜闻词或短语没有被动态：eave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法，否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否定旬或疑问句中）cannot/cannot/can'tdoCan…do…？Yes,…can.No,…can't.couldcouldn'tdomay可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）maynotdoMay・7。…？Yes,…may.No,…mustn't/can't.mightmightnotdoMight…do…？Yes,…mightNo,•••mightnot.must必须，应该（表主观要求）mustnot/mustndoMtust…do…？Yes,-must.No,…needn't/don'thave 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）haveto只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称父化）don'thavetodoDo••havetodo…？Yes,…do.No,…don't.oughtto应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn'ttodoOught…todo…？Yes,…ought.No,…oughtnshall将要，会用于一三人称征求对力意见用于一二人称表小许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shallnot/shan'Sdhall-do-?Yes,-shall.No,-shan't.should应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含后责备意味）shouldnot/shouldn'tdoShould-do-?will意愿，决心willnot/won'tdW川…7。…？Yes,-will.No,…won't.would请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉wouldnot/wouldndodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）darenot/daren'Dare-do-?Yes,…dare.No,•••daren'needrru攵必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）neednot/needndo'Need…do…？Yes,…must.No,•••needn'usedto过去常常（现在已不再）usednot/usedn't/usentododidn'tusetodoUsed-todo…？Yest,-used.No,•••use(d)nDid-usetodo…？Yes,•••did.No,•••didn't.'t.t.t.II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测：以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情；must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could可能"，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can'语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.(推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生)Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan'tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III.情态动词注意点： 1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn't/daren'do;Need/dare…do…？做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don't(doesn't/didnneed/daretodo八.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定:司现在分词todotobedoingtohavedonedoinghavingdonetobedonetohavebeendonebeingdonehavingbeendone在非谓语前加notforsb.todosth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语具后副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done，名词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb'sdoing具有名词的作用在句中做主、兵、aE和表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词只接不定式做,语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或R语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escapeexcuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan'thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdowntobeengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto 两者都可以意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue多指具体的动作，接动名词多才L般或习惯行为）need,want,require（接动名词主动形式表小被动忠义，若接/、定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止止在做的事意义/、同remember/forget/regrettodo（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regretdoing（指动作已经发生）goontodo（接着做另外,件事）goondoing（按看做同一件事）trytodo（设法，努力去做，尽力）trydoing（试试去做，看有何结果）meantodo（打算做，企图做）meandoing（意识是，意can'thelptodo（不能帮忙做）can'thelpdoing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时问概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encouragehave,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.现在分词notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallen过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成 leavesV.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别举例不定p多表十个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和土语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Toobeythelawisimportant.(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用)动名司与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob.卜司无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very,quite,rather芬副词修饰。现在分词多含有泠人•「之意，说明主，语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有感到•「之意，主语多是人。Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常见分词有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中问起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也/、可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人，物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人，物主语，宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwantto seeverymuch.which物主语，宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主语，宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾行般不省略when过问时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhich关系，词where地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语Ican'timaginethereasonvhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.that与which,who,whom的用法区别:情况用法说明|例句只用that的情况1..先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时3.先行词后形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4.先行词既指人又指物时5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时6.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2.在由介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as与which的区另U： 定语从旬区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前后such和thesame修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don'treadsuchbooksasyoucanunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主旬。如果有正如，象”的含义，并可以放在上旬前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn'texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主何意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗Hismother,whomheloved3分开，相当于一■个插入语，不能用thatdeeply,diedtenyearsago.引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。十.名词性从句作用常用关联词例句主语从旬在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从何放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,whereverWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesn'tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表语从旬在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.宾语从旬同位语在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.状语从句麻类连接词壮后点 时间状语when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…thanthemoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一股现在时；while引导的从句中动词TK是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而有定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状吾where,wherever原因状语because,as,since,nowthatbecause语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。条件状语if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat从句中动词时态/、口」用将来时，常用一般时代替目的状,吾sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词结果状吾so…that,such…that比较状吾方式状语than,as…as,notso/as-as,themore…themoreasif,asthough,asasif和asthough弓I导的从句TK用虚拟语气。让步状吾though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但/、可和but连用十二。倒装句倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等词开头的句子表示强调Outrushedthechildren.羡示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分'到装never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表小否定忠义的副词敢于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状语放于旬首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butals6£接弁歹U的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit. neither…nor•连接并歹U的句子，前后部倒装NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…th蜕的so或such及修饰的成分放于旬首时前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虚拟条件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句If引导的条件与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.其它状吾从句asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.norderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.宾语从bdemand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表小与现在，过去和将来情况相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.主语从b在Itisnecessary/important/strangethatsuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形Itisisstrangethatsiichapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat••句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形It'hsghtimethatweleft. wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!十四。重要句型1.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn'thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.Theregoesthebell.19.Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.21.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.23.OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.24.“Heworksparticularlyhard.“Sohedoes,andsodoyou.”25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.十五。动词搭配1.addto增加,增进add…to把•一加进•…addup相加addupto总计，所有这一切说明1)Idon'tthinkthesefactswillanything.2)Fiftynewbookshavebeenthelibrary.3)Themusicourenjoymentofthefilm.4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyouthebill.(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up)2.breakawayfrom打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉breakdown出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开breakoff暂停，中断 breakin强行进入，插话breakinto闯入breakintopieces成为碎片breakout爆发breakup捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散breakthrough突破1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreakthepoliceandranintothewoods.2)Whenheheardthenews,hebrokeandcried.3)Don'tbreakwhileothersarespeaking.4)Whydon'tyoubreakforafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?5)Whendoesschoolbreak?6)Afterharvestwebreakthesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)1.bringup抚养，呕吐，提出bringabout造成bringout拿出，出版bringin引入，引进，挣钱bringback使回想起bringdown使下降，使倒下1)Theshopkeeperbroughthispricetoonlyfivedollars.2)TheschoolhasbroughtnewforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.3)Thesongbroughthappymemoriesofourschooldays.4)Doyouknowwhatbroughtthismisunderstanding?5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobringtheyoungorphan.6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting.7)Thewindbroughtalotoftreeslastnight.8)Nextmonththeywillbringaneweditionofthebook.(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)2.callon号召，拜访(某人)callat拜访、参观(某地)callfor去叫某人,要求,需要callup使回忆起,征召入伍callin召集，请某人来callout大喊，高叫calloff取消，不举行1)Doctorsareoftencalledinthemiddleofthewar.2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I'llcallyouatyourhouseatseventonight.3)ThetrainscallsseveralbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.4)Hecalledhername,butshedidn'tanswer.5)Thesportsmeetwascalledonaccountoftherain.(in,for,at,out,off)3.comeabout发生，出现comedown下跌，落，降，传下来comein进来comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)comeon来临/快点 comeout出版，结果是comealong一道来，赶快cometo达至U(anend/anagreement/astop)苏醒，合计，总共是comeover走过来comeup发芽，走近comeacross偶然碰至Ucomeback回想起comefrom来自，源自1)IcomethebookIlentyoulastmonth.2)Howdiditcomethatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap.3)ItsuddenlycametomewhereIhadseentheboybefore.4)Comenow,orelseweshallbelate.5)Hecamemelikeatiger.6)Thepriceofpetrolhascomesincethebeginningofthisyear.7)Thewordcameusemanyyearsago.8)Whentheexaminationresultcame,hehadalreadygotajob.9)Thebillcameoverathousanddollars.10)Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven'tcomeyet.(for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up)6.cutacross抄近路cutdown砍倒，削减cutoff切断，割掉，断绝关系cutup连根拔除，切碎through剪断，凿穿cutout删(省)掉，戒掉cutin插嘴1)Don'tcut___thistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer.2)Youmustcutthenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcauseillness.3)Wedecidedtocutthemoor(旷里子)tothevillage.4)Cuttingthetreemeanscuttingthetreeintopieces.5)Theelectricitywascutwhentheladyrefusedtopaythebill.6)WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut.(down,down,across,up,off,in)7.dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage)死于(疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因)diefrom死于(意外事故、情形)dieaway渐渐消逝dieout绝种diedown(炉火)渐熄dieoff逐一死去8.fallbehind落后falloverone'sfeet跌跤falldown掉下，跌倒fallback撤退，后退1)Babiesoftenfallwhentheyarelearningtowalk.2)Ourteamseemstohavefallentheothers.3)Assoonastheenemiesfell,thepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage.4)Shefellthebenchandhadherlegbroken.(down,behind,back,over) 6.goinfor从事，喜爱，参加gothrough通过，经受goover复习，检查goup(价格)上涨，建造起来goafter追捕，追赶goagainst违反goahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧goaway离开goby时间过去godown下沉，降低，(日、月)西沉goon(with)继续进行gowith相配，陪同gowithout没有，缺少goout外出，熄灭goallout全力以赴gooff爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应gobackon背约，食言gobeyond超出1)Manynewfactorieshavegone__inthepastfewyears.2)Rentshavegonegreatlyrecently.3)Manyyearshavegonesincewefirstmet.4)Let'scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes.5)Hisactionswentthewillofthepeople,6)Ican'tdoit,foritgoesmyduty.7)Over100studentswentthisentranceexamination.8)Thebombwentandkilledtenpeople.9)Thebuyerwentthecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision.10)Thistiedoesn'tgomyblueshirt.11)Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go.12)Manystudentswentplayingbasketball.(up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor)7.getdown下来，记下，使沮丧getdownto致力于，专心于geton进展，进步，穿上，上车getoff脱下,下车getin收集，插(话)getaway逃跑，逃脱，去休假getover忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复getalongwith进展，相处getup起床getthrough打通，完成，通过getround消息传开getclosetosth.接近，几乎getinto(trouble)getto(know)getback取回，收回getout1)ShespokesofastthatIcouldn'tgetwhathesaid.2)Wewillfindwaystogetdifficulties. 1)Thestoryhasgot,andeveryoneknowsaboutit.2)WhenIgetwiththereport,I'llgotothecinema.3)Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengottobusiness.4)Don'talwaysgetawordwhenothersarespeaking.5)Ittookmealongtimetogetsuchanunpleasantexperience.(down,over,round,through,down,in,over)6.giveaway赠送，泄露，出卖giveout发出，疲劳，分发，公布giveoff发出(光、热、气体)givein(tosb.)屈服giveup放弃，让(座位)1)Hisaccentatlastgavehim.2)Theliquidgaveastrongsmell.3)Theheadmastergavethenamesoftheprize-winners.4)Thesoldiersgavethetowntotheenemies.5)Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks?6)Don'tbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends.7)Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave.(away,off,out,up,out,away,out)7.handin交上，提交handout分发handdown流传，遗传8.hangabout闲逛hangup挂9.holdback阻止，隐瞒holdup举起，使停顿holdon别挂，等，坚持holdout持续，坚持，伸出holddown控制，镇压1)I'msureheisholdingsomething.2)Shemanagedtoholdheremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried.3)Tellhimtoholdamoment.I'llcomesoon.4)Ourfoodsupplywon'tholdformorethanafewdays.5)Thetrainwasheldasaresultofthefloods.6)Thesemeasureshelpedtoholdthecity'spopulation.7)Holdyourleftarm,please.(back,back,on,out,up,down,up)10.keepup(courage,English,spirits)保持，keepupwith跟上keepoff(grass)不接近，离开keepawayfrom避开，不接近，离…远远的keepoutofkeepto(rules,promise)坚持，遵守keepon继续，坚持下来keepback阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下keepfrom克制，阻止1)Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeepfromher.2)Icanhardlykeepmytearsafterhearinghiswords. 1)Onlypridekeptherburstingintotears.2)Icanscarcelykeepaskinghimwhathehasdone.3)"Don'ttouchme,"screamedthewoman,"Keep!"4)Keepuntilyousucceed.5)Keepyourcourage,andyou'llsucceedintheend.6)Thethickcoatcankeepthecold.7)Alwaystrytokeeptheruleswhenyouplayagame.8)Ican'tkeepwitheverythingyou'redoing.(away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up)6.knockat/on敲knockinto撞到某人身上knockdown撞倒knockoutof把…敲出knockover撞倒knockoff停止工作，休息1)Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent.2)Theofficestuffknocksatsixeveryday.3)Tryknockingthewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors.4)Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknockedthecarparkedthere.(down,off,on,into)7.leavefor离开前往leaveout删去，遗漏leavebehind遗留,忘记拿走leaveto留给,遗嘱赠于leaveover遗留，剩下，延期1)"Whosenamehasbeenleft?"demandedtheteacher.2)Whenhedied,heleftallhispropertyhisniece.3)Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella.4)Don'tleavethismatteruntiltomorrow.5)Leavesomemeatfortomorrow.6)Thosearequestionsleftbyhistory.(out,to,behind,over,over,over)8.lookup查找，向上看lookthrough翻阅，浏览lookon旁观lookon…aS!作lookinto调查lookafter/at/for照顾/看/寻找lookout(for)当心lookabout/around/round四下查看lookdownupon瞧不起lookbackupon回忆，回顾lookab.upanddown仔细打量某人lookabintheface/eyes直视某人1)Ispenttwohourslookingthestudents'papers.2)Look!Thereisabigholeinfront. 3)Hetookpartinthegame,andtherestofusjustlookedandcheeredforhim.4)Theoldmanlookeduponthedaysofhisyouth.5)Shewassosnobbish(势禾thatshelookeduponallhisneighbours.6)Thepolicepromisedtolookthecaseassoonaspossible.7)Helookedbutsawnobody,andhelistenedbuthearnothing.(through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round)6.makeup编造，配制，打扮，组成makeupfor弥补makeinto/of/from制成makeout弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列(清单)makefor走向，驶往，促使1)Canyoumakethislengthofclothasuit?2)IaskedthedriverifhewasmakingLondon?3)Myfathermadeacheckformetobuythecamera.4)Wemustmakethelossnextweek./Hetriedhardtomakeforthedamagehehaddone.5)Hemadeastory,whichIfoundhardtobelieve.6)Someoneiscoming,butIcan'tmakewhoitis.(into,for,out,up/up,up,out)7.passaway去世passby经过passdown(on)•ot传给passthrough经历passover漠视，忽视1)Theoldclockhasbeenpassedtomefrommygrandfather'sgrandfather.2)Themanpassedlastweekinpeace.3)Wearepassingdifficulttimes.4)Thesecretarypassedthedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport.(down,away,through,over)8.payback还钱，报复payfor付钱，为•…受到惩罚，因•…得到报应payoff还清1)Howmuchdidyoupaythedictionary?2)Youshouldpaythemoneyyouborrowedfromme.3)I'llpayhimforallhiscrimes(罪行)againstme.4)Someday,you'llpaywhatyouhavedonetoday.5)Hasshepaythedebtyet?(for,back,back,for,off)9.pickup拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language/knowledge),恢复重获(pickuphealth)pickout挑选，辨认，看出1)Ipickedtheinformationwhilewaitinginthequeue.2)Myfriendhasarrangedtopickmeat6:00.3)Thepatienthaspickedhealthduringthelasttwoweeks.4)Shepickedthemostexpensivepairofshoes. 1)Ican'tpickJohninthecrowd.2)CanIpickVOAwiththisshort-waveradio?3)Hefelldownsuddenly,butpickedhimselfquickly.(up,up,up,out,out,up,up)pickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词6.putup搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下putupwith忍受putout伸出，扑灭putoff推迟putinto放进，翻译putaway放好，存钱putdown记下，平息puton穿戴，上映，增加(putonweight/speed)putforward提出，提前putthrough接通putaside放到一边putback放回1)Heputhalfhiswageeveryweek.2)Thegovernmentsoonputtherevolt(暴乱).3)Putyourwatch.It'sslow.4)Heputhishandformetoshake.5).PleaseputmetoExtension(分机)2.6)Weputfornightatthevillageinn.7)Heisveryproud,andheoftenputairs.(摆架子)8)Wehadatelephoneputinouroffice.9)Ican'tputwithyourlaziness.(away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up)7.pulldown拆掉，推翻pullon匆匆穿上/off脱pullin进站pullout取出,(火车)离站pulldown往下拉,拆毁pullover驶到一边pullthrough恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境pullup(使)停住1)Thetrainslowlypulledanddisappearedinthedistance.2)Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulled,andnewonesaretobebuilt.3)ThecarpulledwhenIblewthehorn.4)Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull.5)Thedriverpulledatthetrafficlights.(out,down,over,through,up)8.pushover推倒，刮倒pushahead(on,forward)继续前进，坚持下去pushthrough排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过1)We'vedecidedtopushwithourplantobuildanewroad2)Manytreeswerepushedinthehurricane.3)Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrulesatanycost..4)Takecarenottopushthebaby.5)Theypushedthecrowdandatlastreachedus.(on,over,through,over,through)9.runacross偶然碰到runafter追逐，追捕runaway逃跑runfor竞选 runinto偶然碰到(困难)遇见(人)，相撞runoutof用完1)Ifyoudrivesofast,you'llrunsomeonesomeday.2)Iranafriendofmineintheexhibition.3)Ourwaterhasrun.Canyoufillupsomemorebottles?4)Whydoyoualwaysrunadventure?5)Hedidn'twanttorunpresidentthatyear.6)Inthatwayyouwillonlyrundifficulties.(into,across/into,out,after,for,into)6.seeof送行seethrough看透，识破seeto照料，照管7.sendfor派人去请sendoff送行sendout发出(光亮)等sendup发射8.setup建立setoff出发，触发，引起setout动身，着手(todo),陈述setabout开始着手(doing)settowork(n.)开始做setback拨回，使推迟1)Ishallsetmywatchbyfiveminutes.2)Wesetreadingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang.3)Wesetatdaybreakyesterdayandwe'vebeentravellingeversincethen.4)Isettoadvisehimnottodrink.5)Whatwerethereasonshesetinhisreport?6)Thepresidentsetaspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim.7)Theunpopularlawsetaseriesofprotests.(抗议)(back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off)9.takeoff脱掉，起飞takeon呈现雇佣takeaway拿走takein吸收，领会takeup从事，占用(时间空间)takedown记录，取下takeback收回takefor误认为takealong随身带takeover接管takeout1)ItakeallIsaidabouthisdishonesty.2)Hewenttotheshelfandtookabookofpoems.3)AtfirstItookhimadoctor.4)Icanseethatmostofyouhavetakeneverythingthattheteachertaught.5)Billhasnowtakenhisfather'sbusiness.6)Myjobtakesmostofmytime.7)Thebosstooktwentypeopleforhisnewcompany. (back,down,for,in,over,up,on)takechargeof负责,takesth.forgranted想当然,takeholdof抓住,takepridein以为自豪，taketheplaceof,代替taketurnstodo轮流做，takeoffice就职6.thinkof想起thinkof…as…看作thinkout想出thinkup想出thinkabout考虑thinkover仔细考虑thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好7.turnoff/on打开turnover翻身，反复考虑，翻(书页)，翻转turnout证明为，结果，制造成品turnto转向，求助turndown调低，拒绝turnagainst变得敌视，反对turnaway打发走，驱逐，转过脸去turnback返回，转回去turnround转过身来turnup向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turnin上缴turnupsidedown把倒置，弄得乱七八糟1)Thechildturneditsmotherforcomfort.2)Turnandletmeseeyourface.3)Howevermuchheturnedtheprobleminmind,hecouldfindnosatisfactorysolution.4)TheEnglisheveningpartyturnedagreatsuccess.5)Thesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobear,andsheturned.6)Thefootballstadiumwasfull,andmanypeoplehadtobeturned7)Thearmyturnedhimonaccountof(因为)hispoorhealth.8)Sheturnedthewholehouseinhersearchforhermissingpurse.9)Wheredidyourpurseturn?Ifounditinthesnow.10)Thevillagerssuddenlyturnedtheforeignerswholivednearby.11)Thefactoryturns2000newcarslastyear.(to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out)氢气1.物理性质：无色无味的气体，难溶于水。密度比空气小，是相同条件下密度最小的气体。2.化学性质：a)可燃性：2H2+O22H2O氢气燃烧时发出淡蓝色火焰，放出热量，并有水珠产生。b)还原性：H2+CuOCu+H2O黑色的氧化铜在氢气中加热逐渐变成红色，并有水珠产生。3.实验室制取氢气反应原理：Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2T反应物的选择：选用锌粒和稀硫酸。♦不使用稀盐酸，因为：盐酸易挥发，使制得的氢气中含有氯化氢气体。♦不用镁是因为反应速度太快，不用铁是因为反应速度太慢。发生装置和收集 装置：发生装置同分解过氧化氢制取氧气的发生装置；收集装置可选择排水法收集气体的装置或向下排空气法收集气体的装置。用排空气法收集氢气时，不能验满！用排水法收集氢气时，如果集气瓶口出现气泡，说明氢气收集满。在点燃氢气前，一定要检验氢气的纯度。可燃性气体的验纯方法：用排水法收集一试管可燃气体，用拇指堵住试管口移近火焰点燃。如果气体较纯，气体将会安静地燃烧，并发出“噗”声；如果气体不纯，会发出尖锐爆鸣声。如果验纯时发现气体不纯，需要再收集再检验时，必须对试管进行处理（用拇指在试管口堵住一会或更换试管），以免发生爆炸。检验：点燃。纯净的氢气能够安静地燃烧，发出淡蓝色火焰；而不纯的氢气在燃烧时会发出尖锐的爆鸣声。4.氢气能源的优点：①以水为原料，来源广泛；②热值高，放热多;③生成物是水，毫无污染；④可以再生。5.目前氢能源存在的问题：制取成本高、贮存和运输困难。6.氢气被认为是最清洁的燃料。7.任何可燃气体或可燃的粉尘如果跟空气充分混合，遇火时都有可能发生爆炸。